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BIO191B > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules in NS

A

Neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses

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2
Q

Site of action in NS

A

Close to site of release, at synapse; binds to receptors in postsynaptic membrane

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3
Q

Types of target cells in NS

A

Muscle (smooth, cardiac, & skeletal) cells, gland cells, other neurons

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4
Q

Time of onset action in NS

A

Milliseconds

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5
Q

Duration of action in NS

A

Generally briefer (milliseconds)

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6
Q

Molecules in ES

A

Hormones delivered to tissues throughout body by blood

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7
Q

Site of action in ES

A

Far from site of release (usually); binds to receptors on or in target cells

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8
Q

Types of target cells in ES

A

Cells throughout body

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9
Q

Time of onset action in ES

A

Seconds to hours or days

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10
Q

Duration of action in ES

A

Generally longer (seconds to days)

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11
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones; pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, & pineal glands

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12
Q

Exocrine glands

A

generally do not secrete hormones; sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, mucous glands, & digestive glands;

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13
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

made of glands (single cells or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion)

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14
Q

Secretion of endocrine glands

A

enter interstitial fluid then diffuse into bloodstream

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15
Q

Secretion of exocrine glands

A

ducts that empty onto surface of a covering such as skin surface or lumen of stomach

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16
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

makes 2 hormones that are released through posterior lobe; contain neurosecretory cells with releasing or inhibiting hormones that enter pituitary gland

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17
Q

Pituitary gland function

A

makes 7 hormones that are released through anterior lobe; releases or inhibits GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, & LH depending on hypothalamus hormones released

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18
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

hormones in gland help maintain body temp, stimulate protein synthesis, increase glucose use & fatty acids for ATP production, & work with nHGH & insulin to accelerate body growth

19
Q

Parathyroid gland function

A

contain chief cells & oxyphil cells; regulates calcium and secretes excess PTH in parathyroid cancer

20
Q

Adrenal glands function

A

contain outer cortex - zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids) , zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids), & zona reticularis (androgens) & inner medulla (epinephrine & norepinephrine)

21
Q

Pineal gland function

A

secretes melatonin, helps regulate body’s biological clock

22
Q

Thymus function

A

produces thymosin, thymic humoral factor, thymic factor, & thymopoietin, promote maturation of immune system’s T cells

23
Q

Oxytocin T3 (triiodothyronine) & T4 (thyroxine) actions

A

increase basal metabolic rate; stimulate synthesis of proteins; increased ATP production; accelerate body growth & contribute to development of nervous system

24
Q

Calcitonin action

A

lowers blood levels of Ca2+ and HPO42+ by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts by accelerating uptake of calcium & phosphates into bone extracellular matrix

25
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) action

A

released when calcium levels are low

26
Q

Mineralocorticoids action

A

increase blood levels of Na+ and water; decrease blood level K+

27
Q

Glucocorticoids action

A

upregulate expression of anti-inflammatory proteins; regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis & lipolysis

28
Q

Androgens action

A

assist in early growth of axillary & pubic hair in both sexes; in females, contribute to libido & are source of estrogens after menopause

29
Q

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine actions

A

increase heart rate & blood flow to muscles, increase breathing rate; bronchodilation

30
Q

Secretion control & actions of glucagon

A
  • Decreased blood level of glucose & exercise
  • Raise blood glucose level by accelerating glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
31
Q

Secretion control & actions of insulin

A
  • Increased blood level of glucose, acetylcholine, amino acids
  • Lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glycogenesis, increasing lipogenesis & stimulating protein synthesis
31
Q

Secretion control & actions of somatostatin

A
  • Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits secretion
  • Inhibits secretion of insulin & glucagon; slows absorption of nutrients from GI tract
32
Q

Secretion control & actions of pancreatic polypeptide

A
  • Meals containing protein, fasting, exercise, & acute hypoglycemia stimulate secretion; somatostatin & elevated blood glucose level inhibit secretion
  • Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, & secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes
33
Q

Epidermal growth factors (EGF)

A

produced in salivary glands; stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells, neurons, & neuroglia; suppresses cancer cells, & secretion of gastric juice by stomach

34
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

A

produced in blood platelets; stimulates proliferation of neuroglia, smooth muscle fibers, a& fibroblasts; appears to have role in wound healing

35
Q

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

A

found in pituitary gland & brain; stimulates proliferation of smooth muscle fibers, chondrocytes, & endothelial cells; stimulates formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)

36
Q

Nerve growth factor

A

produced in salivary glands & hippocampus of brain; stimulates growth of ganglia in embryo; maintains sympathetic nervous system; stimulates hypertrophy & differentiation of neurons

37
Q

Tumor angiogenesis factors (TAFs)

A

produced by tumor cells; stimulate growth of new capillaries, organ regeneration, & wound healing

38
Q

Gigantism & acromegaly

A

caused by excess secretion of growth hormone; overgrowth of hands, face, & feet

39
Q

Goiter

A

caused by a reduction or overproduction of thyroid hormone (TH); difficulty breathing & swallowing

40
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

develops due to insufficient TH; depression, weight gain, cold intolerance

41
Q

Graves disease

A

develops due to excess thyroid hormone; irritability, muscle weakness, heat intolerance

42
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

caused by excess secretion of glucocorticoids; abdominal obesity, weak muscles & bones, fragile skin that heals slowly

BIO191B (9 decks)

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