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physiology > sensory > Flashcards

sensory Flashcards

1
Q

(smell and taste) where do these mechanisms send information

A

send information to phylogenetically old areas of the brain associated with memory and emotion

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2
Q

(smell and taste): why is there a suggestion that there is an overlapping central processing between these 2 mechanisms

A

because they are closely linked even though they involve different receptors and receptive processes.

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3
Q

(taste) what does this regulate

A

to a lesser extent smell, regulate gastrointestinal
secretions

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4
Q

(smell) what are olfactory receptors confined to

A

confined to about 5 cm2 of the olfactory mucosa

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5
Q

(smell) where do olfactory receptors lie

A

lie deep within the nasal cavity

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6
Q

(smell) what do the cilia bind to during olfaction and what system does this involve

A

Cilia on the olfactory receptive neurones bind with odorants and the transduction process involves a G-protein second messenger system

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7
Q

(smell) name the 7 subdivision of smell

A

peppermint, musk, floral, ethereal, pungent, putrid and camphoraceous

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8
Q

(smell) what do odours project to

A

Specific odours map to specific regions within the olfactory trac

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9
Q

(smell) where do the output from the olfactory BULB project via what and to where

A

Output from the olfactory bulbs project via olfactory tracts to both the ipsi- and contralateral regions of the olfactory cortex.

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10
Q

(smell) what are bipolar olfactory cells linked to and via what

A

the bipolar olfactory cells are linked to the olfactory bulb via short axons.

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11
Q

(smell) describe where he olfactory PATHWAY project from and to

A

from the nose project directly to the cortex.

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12
Q

(smell) what gives rise to smell localisation

A

Bi- directional projections give rise to smell localisation

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13
Q

(smell) what is the role of the cortex

A

sharpening the odour codes

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14
Q

(smell) how is the olfactory bulb mapped

A

topographic mapping

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15
Q

(smell)

A
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16
Q

(smell)what is the competition model

A
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17
Q

(smell)

A
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18
Q

(smell)

A
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19
Q

sensory systems - what are they for?

A

awareness of environment, prevention of harm (e.g. from withdrawal reflex), conscious control and integration (e.g. learning from experience)

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20
Q

name the types of sense receptors

A

exteroceptors, interreceptor and proprioceptors

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21
Q

what’s the difference between exteroceptors, interreceptor and proprioceptors

A

Information about external and internal
environments reaches the CNS via a range of sensory
receptors

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22
Q

where are interreceptor found

A

GIT, respiratory tracts, cardiovascular systems: pH pressure and volume

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23
Q

where are exteroceptors generally found

A
  • hair cells in the inner ear, skin, tongue
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24
Q

exteroceptors examples

A

olfactory receptors
- taste receptors
- skin receptors: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors
photoreceptors

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25
Q

where are proprioceptors generally found and provide examples

A
  • most reflexes at spinal
    level: conscious awareness
    secondary
  • joint receptors
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26
Q

what is classification of the sensory systems

A

Each type of receptor is normally activated by only
one type of environmental energy

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27
Q

what is transduction of the sensory systems

A

Sensory receptors convert environmental energy into
action potentials in sensory neurons

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28
Q

what do specific receptors associated with

A

are associated with specific CNS sensory pathways and brain regions

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29
Q

what does the coding of Stimulus Intensity and Duration tell us

A

Action potentials encode the quality of the stimulus

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30
Q

Sensory Receptors Range in Complexity: what does adequate stimulus mean

A

Usually respond to one type of stimulus

31
Q

Sensory Receptors Range in Complexity: true or false:

A

Can be activated by other types of stimuli if they are strong enough

32
Q

Sensory Receptors Range in Complexity: do they have specialised nerve endings and why

A

yes, may be specialised nerve endings/ specialised accessory cells so the response is only to to one type of stimulus

33
Q

Classification of sensory receptors: name the 4 types of receptors

A

Mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors

34
Q

Classification of sensory receptors: name 4 general classifications of mechanoreceptor

A

special senses, muscle & joints, skin & viscera, Cardiovascular

35
Q

Classification of sensory receptors: name 2 general classifications of chemoreceptors

A

special senses, skin & viscera

36
Q

Classification of sensory receptors: name general classifications of photoreceptor

A

special senses

37
Q

Sensory Organisation: what is a receptive field

A

is the area where a stimulus activates a sensory neuron
Receptive fields usually overlap

38
Q

Sensory Organisation: how is a larger secondary receptive field created

A

Primary neurons from adjacent receptive fields may converge on one secondary neuron, creating a larger secondary receptive field

39
Q

Sensory Organisation: what does the 2 point discrimination determine

A

size of receptive field

40
Q

Sensory Organisation: why does the 2 point discrimination determine the size of the receptive field

A

In some regions of skin, for example, two distinct stimuli are perceived as a single stimulus because the primary neurons converge on the same secondary neurons

41
Q

Stimulus Location - Lateral Inhibition Sharpens the Code

A

(edit !)

42
Q
A
43
Q

Stimulus Location: how does the brain compute location of sound

A

Brain computes location of sound by comparing the timing of soundwave detection in each ear

44
Q

Modality and Central Organisation: where does the specific sensory pathways relay information from and to

A

relay information from only one type of sensory receptor to specific primary areas of the cerebral cortex that receive only a single type of stimulus

45
Q

Modality and Central Organisation: where does the non-specific sensory pathways relay information from and to

A

from more than one type of sensory unit to the brainstem reticular formation and regions of the thalamus that are not part of the specific ascending pathways

46
Q

Modality and Central Organisation: what does the arrangement of sensory pathways give rise to

A

convergence or divergence of the sensory input

47
Q

Modality and Central Organisation: what does the convergence/divergence of the sensory inputs influence

A

influences the quality of the sensation at the conscious or subconscious level within the CNS

48
Q

Central Organisation: where do the olfactory pathways vs equilibrium pathways go

A

oflaction from the nose project directly to the cortex
equilibirum project to the cerebellum with a branch to the cortex via the thalamus

49
Q

Central Organisation: where do the all other pathways aside from equilibrium and olfaction pathways go through

A

pass through the thalamus before they
project to their relevant cortical area

50
Q

Inhibitory Modulation: how does one change the perceptual threshold

A

Higher brain centres can change one’s perceptual threshold

51
Q

Inhibitory Modulation: what happens in perceptual threshold wihtin the higher brain centres

A

still receive the information but the brain
‘decides’ what it is necessary to fully perceive
e.g. selectuve hearing

52
Q

Coding and Processing of the Stimulus: what is a tonic receptors

A

Slowly adapting receptors continuously signal the intensity and the duration of the stimulus

53
Q

Coding and Processing of the Stimulus: what is a phasic receptors

A

Rapidly adapting receptors signal the onset and offset of a stimulus

54
Q

Coding and Processing of the Stimulus: ho w is the quality of stimulus encoded

A

encoded in the frequency of the action potentials transmitted down the afferent fibre + the number of sensory receptors activated

55
Q

Coding and Processing of the Stimulus: what does the structure or the morphology of the sensory receptor’s surrounding tissue associated with

A

its key property : Adaptive ability

56
Q

integration of sensory input: what does axonal branches give rise to

A

give rise to
divergent outputs - diffuses inpu

57
Q

integration of sensory input: what does secondary order sensory neurons have

A

Second-order sensory neurones
with convergent excitatory inputs

58
Q

integration of sensory input: what do inhibitory interneurons give rise to

A

give rise to lateral inhibition - refines input

59
Q

integration of sensory input: where dp axons projections go to

A

Axon projections to third-order sensory neurons

60
Q

what is the order of integration of sensory input

A

axonal branches, secondary order sensory neurons, inhibitory interneurons, axon projections

61
Q

what does sensory discrimination equate to

A

Sensory units with overlapping
receptive fields. Field size and receptor
density equates to sensory discrimination

62
Q

true or false: sensory receptors monitory internal environments

A

false: External & internal environments monitored by sensory receptors

63
Q

what is transduction

A

Stimulus converted to an electrical potential

64
Q

what is the adequate stimulus

A

Each type of receptor excited most effectively by only one modality of stimulus

65
Q

true or false: primary afferent fibres convey information from sensory
receptors to specific areas of PNS

A

false : primary afferent fibres convey information from sensory receptors to specific areas of PNS

66
Q

where are the the sensory inputs processed

A

Sensory input processed at both sub-conscious and v conscious levels within the CNS

67
Q

Classification of sensory receptors: name 2 general classifications of thermoreceptors

A

skin and CNS

68
Q

Sensory Receptor Transduction: what is the first stage in sensory transduction

A

the generation of a graded receptor potential

69
Q

Sensory Receptor Transduction: what happens if an all or nothing AP is generated

A

modulated release of transmitter from the receptor cell associated with the primary neuron

70
Q

Sensory Receptor Transduction: difference between direct and indirect effects of stimulus

A

direct: acts on opening membrane ion channels (hair cells in the ear)
indirect: mediated by intracellular cell signalling mechanisms (olfactory neurons)

71
Q
A
72
Q
A

For better visiting, ciliary muscles contract.

73
Q

How to solve short and short short sightedness

A

Long-Convex Lens
Short-Concave lens

physiology (10 decks)

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