Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

physiology > Hormones 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Hormones 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are peptide, steroid and amine hormones used for

A

synthesis, storage, release, signal transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

function of the endocrine system

A

to allow for communication of systems at local and DISTANT levels to maintaining homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does endocrine communication system

A

direct release into blood stream and transported to (distant) target e.g. insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define endocrinology

A

the study of the structure/function of endocrine glands and their secretions (hormones) in regulating the physiology of the organism
1. Endocrine glands/tissues/cells
2. Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define endocrine glands

A

organs or groups of cells which synthesise
and secrete hormones and pass them directly
into the blood
endocrine glands are ductless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

compare the endocrine and exocrine glands
ducts?
secreted into ?
methods of delivery ?
distance?
e.g.?

A

Endo:
ductless
secrete into bloodstream
use blood as vehicle
short or long distance
e.g. thyroid gland

Exo:
contain ducts
secrete into duct
specific delivery to target
generally short distance
e.g. salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is the pineal gland/hypothalamus a gland/cell

A

PG: gland
H: cluster of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

is the posterior/anterior pituitary a gland/cell

A

PP: extensions of hypothalamic neurons
AP: gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is the thyroid/parathyroid/heart/liver a gland/cell

A

T: gland
L: cell
H: cell
P:gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is the thymus/ stomach and small intestine/pancreas a gland/cell

A

T: gland
S: cells
P: gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

is the adrenal cortex/medulla/kidney a gland/cell

A

AC: gland
AM: gland
K: cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is the skin/testes/ovaries a gland/cell

A

S: cells
T: glands
O: glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is the adipose tissue/placenta a gland/cell

A

AT: cells
P: gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define a hormone

A

a chemical secreted from an endocrine gland (or
cell) and travels in the blood to its target organ and
mediates a specific effect
* specificity conferred by target cell receptor
expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

key features of hormones

A

synthesis/storage prior to release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are hormones secreted from and into

A

from designated endocrine cells/tissues and into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the mode of action for hormones

A

receptor-mediated- confers target selectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a key function of hormones

A

serve homeostatic function- require on/ off activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe insulin action in bloodstream

A

increased glucose, increased insulin release
pathway 1
- glucose uptake, storage + utilisation
pathway 2
-insulin effects ‘switched off/limited by several limiting methods
pathway 3 : unchecked insulin activity, no insulin limitation
- excessive depletion of blood glucose levels
- loss of nervous system function, potentially fatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the limitation measure to terminate activity of hormones

A

release limited/tightly controlled
- degradation in blood mainly by liver/kidney enzymes
- metabolites excreted in urine/bile
- bound to receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which hormones get terminates when bound to intracellular receptors

A

steroid: degraded by intracellular enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which hormones get terminates when bound to cell surface receptors

A

peptide: degraded by extracellular enzymes internalised and degraded inside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is the hormone balance measured

A

through its half-life - time needed to concentration/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are pattern productions during hormone production

A

different hormones have different pattern of productions depending on their role of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the chronic/ constitutive pattern of production for hormones look like and what is its function, provide an example

A

constant low amplitude wave

  • maintains constant concentration in the blood
    e.g. thyroid hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does the acute/stimulated pattern of production for hormones look like and what do the peaks correspond with, provide an example

A

*episodic release when required
*tightly controlled by stimulus and feedback
e.g. insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does the cyclic/pulsatile pattern of production for hormones look like and what do the peaks correspond to, provide an example

A

*show regular rhythm of production
*peaks correspond to physiologically relevant times for hormone action e.g. growth, development
*linked to pineal gland, melatonin and circadian rhythm
e.g. growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

name the 3 types of hormones chemical classification

A

peptide, steroid, amine hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

give examples for the peptide hormones

A

peptide, protein, glycoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

are peptide and steroid hormones water soluble

A

peptide hormones are water soluble, hydrophilic - dissolves in plasma for transport
Steroid hormones are hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

describe the peptide and steroid hormones half life

A

P : short half life, open to degradation during transit to target
S : long half life due to protective effects of carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how are peptide hormones stored and released, describe the its secretory pathway

A

-pre-synth’d → stored in vesicles ready for release
- released following stimulus → Ca2+-stimulated exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the function of the 2nd messenger system in peptide hormone signal transduction

A

modification of existing
protein
→rapid response

may also alter gene
expression
→slower, longer lasting
activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where is the production of steroid hormones restricted to and where are they derived from

A

gonads, adrenal cortex and placenta
in the S.E.R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what do steroid hormone producing cells have

A

extensive smooth ER for cholesterol synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

describe the steroid hormone production pathway into bloos stream

A

esterified cholesterol
–> signal is released
–> conversion to active hormone
–> cytoplasmic con. increases
–>simple diffusion across across membrane into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how and where are steroid hormone stored

A

stored as lipid droplets (esterified form-precursor storage) within the S.E.R for cholesterol production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

steroid hormones have poor solubility, what do they need to help them pass across the membrane

A

plasma carrier proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does lipophilic mean for the molecular transport

A

tend to dissolve in lipids hence cannot be stored in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

are steroid hormones pre-synthesised

A

no , they are lilpophilic- cant be stored in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

why do hormones need a carrier protein

A

required for blood borne transit and protection for degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

benefits of carrier proteins

A

increased solubility and half life (>60 min)

43
Q

are carrier proteins specific or non specific, and provide example

A

they can be both
S: corticosteroid- binding globulin
NS: albumin

44
Q

how do steroid work in collaboration with the carrier proteins to prolong its activity

A
  • as steroid taken up; more is
    released from carrier
    →creates reservoir of hormone ready for action
    →prolonged activity as
45
Q

the effects of the carrier proteins on the steroid hormones and equilibrium

A

equilibrium dictates a small
proportion of steroid is
unbound within blood stream
bound steroids blocked from entering the cells, so only unbound will cross

46
Q

what receptors do steroid hormones use and what does the receptor complex form

A

intracellular receptor, transcription factor

47
Q

steroid hormone signal transduction pathway

A

→acts on specific genes with
hormone response elements
(HREs)
- influences protein production (+ve or -ve)
→cellular response (delayed)
(genomic effects)

48
Q

can steroid hormones bind to cell surface receptors

A

*some evidence of action through C.S.R
→non-genomic, rapid effects
Rare but not impossible

49
Q

compare a steroid and peptide hormone:
stored as…
short/prolonged action
receptor type
response time

A

Peptide
stored as mature form
short-acting
cell surface receptor
rapid response

Steroid
stored as pre-cursor
prolonged action
intracellular receptor
slow response

50
Q

where is an amine hormone derived from

A

either tyrosine or tryptophan (aromatic amino acids)

51
Q

provide example of an amine hormone

A

tryptophan –> enzymatic conversion into melatonin

52
Q

what is the role of melatonin

A

*circadian rhythm hormone
*day/night cycling

53
Q

what is tyrosine

A

it is the parent amino acid for 2 different classes of amine hormones: catecholamines and thyroid hormones

54
Q

function of catecholamines

A

association with nervous system
→ neurohormones

55
Q

how are catecholamines made

A

by modifying the side groups of tyrosine: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

56
Q

which other hormone class does catecholamines and thyroid hormones behave like

A

C: peptide hormones:
H : steroid

57
Q

how are thyroid hormones synthesized

A

from 2 tyrosine and iodine atoms

58
Q

what functional group is the thyroid hormone

A

aromatic group: flat, cyclic ring structures
meaning they are non polar

59
Q

describe the shape and position of the pituitary gland within the body

A

bean shaped and sized endocrine gland (~14 mm diameter)

60
Q

what is the the infundibulum

A

connecting stalk the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

61
Q

how many tissues does the pituitary gland have and name them

A

contains 2 different types of tissue – anterior and posterior pituitary

62
Q

name key functions of the pituitary gland

A

adrenal function
thyroid function
gonadal function
lactation parturition
growth
water balance metabolism

63
Q

name key functions of the hypothalamus

A

cold
stress
metabolic
demand
hydration
status
pregnancy
exercise day/night menstrual
cycle sleep
breastfeeding
puberty

64
Q

what is the role of the posterior pituitary

A

stores and releases 2 peptide neurohormones:
➢vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone; ADH)
➢oxytocin

65
Q

where is the neurohormones synthesised in the posterior pituitary

A

magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus

66
Q

what do the different subsets make in the posterior pituitary

A

different subsets make either vasopressin or oxytocin

67
Q

describe how the hormones are received from the hypothalamus in the posterior pituitary

A

axons project down the infundibulum to the nerve terminal in the posterior pituitary in a vesicle

68
Q

how do the hormones get into the blood stream

A

hormones are released into blood from vesicle

69
Q

what type of hormones do oxytocin and vasopressin behave as and what does that mean

A

typical peptide hormones
i.e. synthesis and storage in vesicles, cell surface receptors

70
Q

what is vasopressin (ADH)’s main function

A

regulate water balance

71
Q

what is oxytocin’s main function

A

milk ejection and uterine contraction

72
Q

what is vasopressin (ADH) released triggered by

A

increased plasma osmolarity, decreased plasma volume/blood pressure

73
Q

what is oxytocin triggered by

A

suckling, labour (baby’s head against cervix)

74
Q

what is vasopressin’s Site/mode of action

A

kidney collecting ducts
→ increased water reabsorption
vascular smooth muscle uterine smooth muscle
→ increased blood pressure

75
Q

what is oxytocin sit of action

A

milk duct smooth muscle
→ contracts muscle, ejecting milk
→ child birth

76
Q

which organ is the true endocrine organ

A

anterior pituitary gland

77
Q

how is the the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

connected to hypothalamus via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (2 capillary beds connected in series)

78
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus does this by producing “releasing” or “inhibiting” hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production from the anterior pituitary

79
Q

what are tropic hormones

A

hormones controlling release of other hormones
stimulate and maintain growth of endocrine cells

80
Q

what forms a multi-layered endocrine axis

A

anterior pituitary

81
Q

what’s the difference between hypertrophy and atrophy

A

A: lack of hormone input
H: too much hormone input

82
Q

describe the Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A
  1. integration of inputs
  2. hypothalamic neurons
    that produce releasing/inhibiting hormones
  3. hypothalamic
    hormone released
    from stimulated
    H.N
  4. ant. pit. cell releases hormone that diffuses into
    capillary system&circulation
  5. hypothalamic hormone moves through portal system, binds to surface receptor of A.P cell
  6. endocrine cell in A.P with hormone receptor for hypothalamic inhibiting or releasing hormones
83
Q

why do we need a Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

portal system → only small volume of blood as a vehicle
*very small amounts of hormones & neurosecretory
neurons required
*short distance – very rapid and dynamic

84
Q

what did Guillemin and Shalley do 1977

A

Nobel prize for obtaining hypothalamus of animals, sheep/pigs

85
Q

name the 7 hypothalamic hormones

A
  1. dopamine
  2. prolactin-R. H
  3. thyrotropin-R. H
  4. corticotropin-R. H
  5. growth hormone-R. H
  6. growth hormone-I.H (somatostatin)
  7. gonadotropin-R. H
    R. H - Releasing hormone
    I. H - Inhibiting hormone
85
Q

what type of hormone are all the 7 hypothalamic hormones

A

peptide aside from dopamine

86
Q

name all the 7 anterior pituitary hormones

A

prolactin
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
growth hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone

87
Q

what type of hormone are all the 6 anterior pituitary hormones

A

all peptide hormones

88
Q

what is the function of prolactin (Anterior pituitary hormones)

A

breast → lactation (direct)

89
Q

what is the function of prolactin (Anterior pituitary hormones)

A

thyroid → TH release (trophic)

89
Q

what is the function of prolactin (Anterior pituitary hormones)

A

ad. cortex → cortisol release
(trophic)

90
Q

what is the function of prolactin (Anterior pituitary hormones)

A

breast → lactation (direct)

91
Q

what is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormones (Anterior pituitary hormones)

A

thyroid → TH release (trophic)

92
Q

what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormones (Anterior pituitary hormones)

A

ad. cortex → cortisol release
(trophic)

93
Q

what is the function of growth hormone (Anterior pituitary hormones)

A

liver → IGF-1 release (trophic)
& tissue growth actions (direct)

94
Q

what is the function of luteinising hormone (Anterior pituitary hormones)

A

gonads → regulation of
reproductive function (direct) &
sex hormone release (trophic)

95
Q

what do receptor profiles of the anterior pituitary hormone specific cell types key function

A

different cells types produce different hormones in the A.P
They confers selectivity to incoming hypothalamic hormones

96
Q

where in the Anterior pituitary hormone-specific cell are the acidophil cells and what hormone types are there

A

top half, lactotrophs (PL), somatotrophs (GH)

97
Q

describe the 3 integration centres in the anterior pituitary feedback control

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, target endocrine cell

98
Q

where in the Anterior pituitary hormone-specific cell are the basophil cells and what hormone types are there

A

bottom half, corticotropes (ACTH), gonadotrophs (LH/FSH) and thyrotrophs (TSH)

99
Q

are hormones are positive or negative feedback signal

A

hormones themselves act as negative feedback signal

100
Q

compare the length of the feedback from the endocrine & the anterior pituitary to hypothalamus

A

AP-H: short loop feedback
E: long loop feedback

101
Q

where do the portal vessels trophic hormones

A

directly to the Anterior pituitary

102
Q

what is cortisol an example of

A

the anterior pituitary feedback control system

physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions