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physiology > nerve cells & connections 5-8 > Flashcards

nerve cells & connections 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Cortical control of movement: what does it cover

A

reflexes vs. rhythmic movements vs. voluntary movements

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2
Q

what does the premotor cortex do

A

Decides if a movement should be made

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3
Q

what maps the motor homunculus

A

Electrical stimulation of primary motor cortex in conscious patients maps the motor homunculus

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4
Q

describe where Neurons of the motor cortex connected to

A

directly to motor neurons, mainly on the contralateral side of the spinal cord, via the corticospinal (= pyramidal) tract

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5
Q

what is the function of basal ganglia

A

Plans the details of how to make a specific movement

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6
Q

what does the basal ganglia consist of

A

Consists of the striatum (caudate + putamen), globus pallidus and substantia
nigra

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7
Q

basal ganglia: how do the Striatum and substantia nigra communicate

A

Striatum and substantia nigra talk to each other via the nigrostriatal and
striatonigral pathway

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8
Q

what section of the brain does Parkinson’s have to do with

A

basal ganglia, loss of motion

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9
Q

basal ganglia: how is Parkinson’s characterised

A

by a resting tremor, rigid paralysis, and difficulty in initiating movements

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10
Q

what do post mortem studies on patients with Parkinson’s disease show

A

Post-mortem studies on patients with Parkinson’s disease show that they have
lost over 80% of their nigrostriatal fibres

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11
Q

dopamine: what pathway is dopaminergic

A

the nigrostriatal pathway

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12
Q

dopamine: what is associated with schizophrenia

A

Over-activity of dopaminergic neurons (in another region of the brain) is associated with schizophrenia

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13
Q

dopamine: what does reserpine do

A

Reserpine, which was used to deplete dopamine, caused Parkinson’s symptoms in some schizophrenic patients

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14
Q

Dopamine: what is used to treat Parkinson’s

A

L-DOPA (levodopa)

it is a precursor of dopamine, which can cross the blood-brain barrier and
then gets converted into dopamine

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15
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

Coordinates timing and force of movements

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16
Q

what does electrical stimulation do to the cerebellum

A

does not evoke sensation or movement

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17
Q

what does damage to the cerebellum do

A

damage to the cerebellum does cause impairment of movement

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18
Q

where do inputs to the cerebellum come from

A

Sensory information from proprioceptors and vestibular apparatus
Motor cortex (via the thalamus)

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19
Q

where do Outputs from the cerebellum go to and via which pathway

A

Spinal cord (via the rubrospinal tract)
* Motor cortex (via the thalamus)

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20
Q

what do cases of damage to the cerebellum suggest

A

it fine tunes movements initiated by the
cerebral cortex

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21
Q

brain stem and spinal cord: name the simple reflexes it is responsible for

A
  • Muscle spindle (stretch) reflex
  • Golgi tendon organ reflex
  • Flexion (withdrawal) reflex and crossed extensor reflex
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22
Q

Brainstem and spinal cord: what does the brain stem do

A

the site of integration of postural reflexes

23
Q

Brainstem and spinal cord: what does spinal cord generate

A

generates locomotor rhythms but does not act independently

24
Q

Brainstem and spinal cord: where does the sensory information go

A

Sensory information is also sent up the spinal cord to higher centre

25
Q

Brainstem and spinal cord: what does spinal cord transection show

A

that reflexes are modulated by descending inputs from
higher centres

26
Q

what is the function of the central pattern generators and where is it located

A

Generates locomotor rhythms, in the spinal cord

27
Q

how does this all fit together: describe the process of voluntary movement

A

1.Voluntary movement is planned in premotor cortex
*2. Primary motor cortex selects appropriate motor command
3. Crude command sent to basal ganglia
4. It organises and refines the crude programme and relays it back to the motor
cortex
5. Motor cortex (via corticospinal tract) activates α and γ motor neurons
6. During movement, information from periphery continually keeps cerebellum
updated to correct errors
6. Spinal and brainstem reflexes play a role throughout

28
Q

compare and contrast the muscles that work within the somatic and autonomic nervous system

A
29
Q

difference between autonomic somatic nervous systems

A

A: has Ganglion, preganglionic fibre, post ganglionic fibre

30
Q

what’s the difference between the preganglionic fibre and the post ganglionic fibre

A
31
Q

what are the 3 types of nervous system in autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic/ parasympathetic, enteric nervous system

32
Q

Autonomic vs. somatic nervous systems: types of receptors, influence on targets, junction type ?

A

somatic nervous systems
- Specialised NMJ
* Ionotropic receptors
* Always excites target

Autonomic nervous system
* Less specialised junction
* Metabotropic receptors
* May excite or inhibit target

33
Q

what are the two divisions of PNS

A

afferent + efferent divisions

34
Q

which division is the autonomic and somatic nervous system in the PNS

A

efferent division

35
Q

autonomic nervous system function

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

36
Q

where is sympathetic outflow from

A

thoracic (T1-12) and lumbar (L1-2) regions

37
Q

where is parasympathetic outflow from

A

from cranial (III, VII, IX, X) and sacral (S2-4) regions

38
Q

where do the sympathetic ganglia lie close to

A

lie close to spinal
cord in the sympathetic chain (paravertebral ganglia), or in collateral (prevertebral) ganglia

39
Q

where do the parasympathetic ganglia lie in relations to target

A

close to or within the target

40
Q

name the autonomic transmitters

A

Ach and noradrenaline

41
Q

what receptors do autonomic transmitter : Ach act on

A

Acts on cholinergic receptors
* Nicotinic receptors
* Muscarinic receptors

42
Q

what receptors do autonomic transmitter : Noradrenaline act on

A

Acts on adrenergic receptors
* α receptors
* β receptors

43
Q

what does the Sympathetic and parasympathetic
preganglionic fibres release

A

acetylcholine which acts on nicotinic cholinergic receptors

44
Q

what does parasympathetic postganglionic fibres
release and what receptors do they act on

A

acetylcholine which acts on
muscarinic cholinergic receptor

45
Q

what does sympathetic postganglionic fibres
release and what receptors do they act on

A

release noradrenaline or adrenaline which acts on α
or β adrenergic receptors

46
Q

what is a Sympathetic cholinergic fibres and what do they innervate innervate

A

postganglionic fibre and innervate sweat gland

47
Q

what receptors do Ach rely on

A

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

48
Q

which transmitters do postganglionic fibres of peptides use

A

use non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC)
transmitters
sometimes co-released with the orthodox transmitter

49
Q

describe the difference between the effects if radial and sphincter muscles of the eye

A

R: sympathetic, contract, pupil larger, activated by alpha receptor
S: parasympathetic, contracts, pupil smaller, activated by muscarinic receptors

50
Q

describe the difference between the effects if ciliary muscles of the eye

A

S:relaxes, focus on far away, activated by beta 2

P:contract, focus up on close, activated by muscarinic receptors

51
Q

do autonomic reflexes have a higher control

A

yes they can be learned reflexes

52
Q

can autonomic reflexes be spinal reflexes and what does that mean

A

yes for example urination in babies

53
Q

function of baroreceptors

A

detect changed in blood pressure

54
Q

what does the central control coordinate

A

a sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to vary heart rate, strength
of contraction, and constriction of blood vessels accordingly

physiology (10 decks)

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