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Biology: lifes Complexity > sensing and responding to the environment > Flashcards

sensing and responding to the environment Flashcards

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1
Q

what is life

A

exchanging on energy, matter and infomation

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2
Q

what is negative entropy

A

food taken from the environment that has a high order and is turned into lower order energy

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3
Q

what is a aperiodic crystal

A

something that has the capacity to store order, like DNA

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4
Q

how does food become lower order once eaten

A

Metabolism releases energy and some of that energy is being used to do work on the molecules to move in particular directions that help beings stay in an ordered state

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5
Q

describe the emergence of new phenomena and connections between different levels

A

new phenomena and connections between different levels can emerge, leading to the integration and purpose of individual organism

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6
Q

what is an example of an integrated system at the individual level

A

a kangaroo in a field can be considered as an example of an intergated system at the individual level

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7
Q

explain the unique nature of integration and purpose in individuals

A

individual organism exhibit a special combination of integration and purpose at the individual level

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8
Q

how can thermodynamics be used to understand metabolism

A

thermodynamics can be used to understan metabolism including defining a system and its environment and analyzing flows of energy and matter

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9
Q

define a natural thermodynamic system

A

an individual organism can be considered as a natural thermodynamic system with heat exchange energy flow and material exchange

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10
Q

what are some components of energy flow into a system

A

energy flow into a system through heat, radiation, air, water and sunlight

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11
Q

what are some components of energy flow out of a system

A

energy flows out of a system through heat, metabolic heat, radiant heat and convection

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12
Q

list some examples of matter flow into a system

A

matter flows into a system through food, nutrients gases and water

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13
Q

describe the first law of thermodynamics

A

the total energy of a system remains constant, even if it is converted from one form to another

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14
Q

what are some processes involved in temperature regulation

A

heat exchange, radiant heat loss, conduction, and convection.

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15
Q

define basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

(BMR) is the number of calories you burn as your body performs basic (basal) life-sustaining function

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16
Q

describe kleiber’s law

A

Kleiber’s Law states that metabolic rate is proportional to the body mass raised to the power of 3/4.

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17
Q

describe the three types of growth curves

A

The three types of growth curves are negative exponential, exponential, and intermediate. Negative exponential growth curve represents a slowing growth rate, exponential growth curve represents a constant growth rate, and intermediate growth curve represents a combination of both

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18
Q

How does metabolic rate relate to growth curve and body size?

A

Metabolic rate is often related to an organism’s growth curve and body size. Larger organisms tend to have higher metabolic rates compared to smaller organisms, and the growth curve can influence the rate at which metabolic rate changes with size.

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19
Q

what do signals and cue provide

A

Signals and cues provide organisms with information about their changing environments

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of environmental changes

A

1) biotic- non living factors
2) abiotic- living factors

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21
Q

what are the 6 types of signals

A

chemical
electricity
light
magnetic
mechanical
sound

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22
Q

what is a chemical signal

A
  • There must be a physical interaction between a chemical like pheromone and a receptors
  • These are specific
    There must be a receptor molecule
23
Q

what is an electrical signal

A
  • Works well in aquatic environments because electricity is more easily transported through water then air
  • A shark can detect the location of a fish when it is trapped in an agar chamber (gives off electricity)
    Sharks detect the electrical current
24
Q

what is a light signal

A

· The ability to see something
· Being able to see something clear has relations to an organisms eye
· The bigger the eyes the better the eyesight=positive correlation
Different species have different eyesight

25
Q

what is a magnetic signal

A

Bacteria and some animals have the ability to detect and respond to the magnetic field allowing them to orient over long and short distances

26
Q

what is a mechanical signal

A

The use of vibrations transmitted along the flexible silk to detect the location and size of pray that is in the web

27
Q

what is a sound signal

A
  • This is done through sound waves
  • Bats and whales have the ability to communicate through sound waves
    Echolocation is the ability to locate objects through soundwaves
28
Q

signals are only effective if

A

if they are recieved

29
Q

what is a cue

A

an accidental source of information that may influence the behaviour of the received despite not having evolved under selection for that function

30
Q

what ways can an animal know/ sense a signal or cue

A
  1. Innate- behaviour that is preformed the first time and animals encounters the cue or signal appropriate for that behaviour
  2. Learned- a behaviour that is modified as a result of the animals experienced of its environment
31
Q

what is evesdropping

A
  • An unintended receiver that detects and uses the signals of other for its own benefit
32
Q

what are the 2 types of evesdropping and what are they

A
  1. Intra-specific cues- signals detected by the same species
    2. Inter-specific cues- signals detected by a different species
33
Q

what is camouflage

A

Reduced the likelihood that an organism will be detected or recognised

34
Q

what is mimicry

A

the close external resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to another animal, plant, or inanimate object.

35
Q

what are the 2 types of mimcry and what are they

A
  1. Batesian mimic: when a species resembled a dangerous model
    1. Mullerian mimicry- where 2 or more species have similar anti predator traits and similar warning signals but o not share an immediate common ancestor= form of coevolution
36
Q

what is co-evolution

A

One evolutionary change causes another species to adapt the same phenotype from another species

37
Q

what is brood parasitism

A

· Where a female of one species will lay her eggs in the nests of another species who raise the parasitic chick

38
Q

what is the benefits of brood parasitism

A

Avoids the cost of raising the chicks

39
Q

what does reproduction transfer

A

genetic information

40
Q

what receptors are needed in reproduction

A

lygons

41
Q

the lygons (reproductive receptors) are the ________ in asexual reproduction

A

same, as it is the same organism reproducing

42
Q

the lygons (reproductive receptors) are the________ in sexual reproduction

A

different, as 2 different individuals are needed to reproduce in sexual reproduction

43
Q

what are the 2 types of sexual reproduction

A

internal- sperm and egg find each other
external- requires gametes to find each other

44
Q

when 2 different sexes are together what challenges are there

A
  1. behavioral changes to find a mate
  2. chemical changes in the form of pheromones
45
Q

what is facultative parthenogenesis

A

when females can produce viable offspring if she cannot find a mate

46
Q

what is hermaphroditism

A
  • when an organism has both male and female gametes to produce a new organism
47
Q

what is male competition

A
  • Males will compete with each other to have the chance to mate
    • This includes fighting
48
Q

why do males compete with each other

A

to pass on their genetic infomation

48
Q

how do females make their choice

A

females make their choice of reproductive partner by choosing which make has the best signals

49
Q

what are 2 examples of reproductive care

A

protecting and providing food for their young

49
Q

what is the downside of reproductive care

A

it is very costly for the parent

49
Q

what is the reproduction paradox

A

females find reproductive success by having as many partners as possible to pass on their genetic information

whereas males find success by preventing females from having lots of reproductive partners

50
Q

how to males prevent females from having lots of partners

A

physically by preventing them from being near other males, this is very time consuming however!!!!!!!

they also have a sex peptide which can reduce female signaling thus she cannot mate with other males

51
Q
A

Biology: lifes Complexity (5 decks)

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