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population dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what is a population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same location with other individuals

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2
Q

a population is influenced bye

A

Influenced by similar environment conditions

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3
Q

what are the 4 properties of a population

A
  • boundary
    -size
    -distribution
    -structure
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4
Q

what is a boundary in a population property

A

a boundary can be natural like a lake or arbitrary like a national park

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5
Q

the size of a populationis influenced by

A
  • The size of a population is impacted by deaths, births, immigration and emigration
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6
Q

what is the distribution of a population

A

he distribution of a population is either clumped (in clusters), uniform (same) or random

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7
Q

what is the structure of a population

A

age and sex ratios

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8
Q

what is population ecology

A

The study of population in relation to the environment and resources

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9
Q

what are 2 methods of quantifying a population

A

counting and sampling

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10
Q

what are the disadvantages of counting a population as a quantifying method

A
  • Takes a lot of effort and people
    -Can be inaccurate
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11
Q

how does sampling work

A

Locate plots across a portion of the populations rage and count the individuals in that range and estimate the average density

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12
Q

why is sampling prefered over counting

A

sampling has increased confidence

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13
Q

what equation do we use to take imperfect detection into consideration

A

n= p x N, we can rearrange this equation to find other variables
n= numbers seen
p=probability of being detected
N=abundance

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14
Q

what is imperfect detection

A

when individuals can remain undetected

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15
Q

what are the consequences of imperfect detection

A

Leads to underestimation

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16
Q

what is mark recapture

A

a method used to keep track of a population

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17
Q

what ways can you mark and recapture a population

A

bands, ear tags/collars, paint and dies

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18
Q

what assumptions need to be made for mark and recapture

A
  1. Marks remain for the length of the study
    1. Marking does hurt them
    2. There is a closed population (no births, deaths, immigration and immigration
    3. Violation of these lead to bias
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19
Q

what is an organism that has one generation per year

A

annuals

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20
Q

what is an organism that have one generation over several year

A

perennials

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21
Q

individuals that breed multiple times a year

A

Iteroparous

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22
Q

individuals breed once in their life

A

semelparous

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23
Q

what is the study of the births and death rates of populations ad how they change overtime

A

Demography

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24
Q

what is the calculation for population growth

A

N(t+1)=RNt, where (t+1) and t are in subscript

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25
when R=1 what happens to the exponential growth graph
you get a linear graph (straight line)
26
when r=0
mean a stable population size
27
when r is greater then 0
means the population is increasing in size
28
when r is less then zero
it means the population is decreasing in size
29
exponential growth is the
· UNDER EXPONENTIAL GROWTH THE RATE OF INCREASE ( R) is constant
30
for density dependent growth
For density dependent growth make r depend on population size
31
what is logistic growth
the gradual growth of the population in the beginning and then increases when the number of people grows
32
what assumptions are made in the logistic growth model
· No variability in the environments · No effects of change · No consideration of population structure No delays
33
what is Stochasticity
ramdomness
34
what is environmental Stochasticity
Unpredictable fluctuation in environment conditions like rainfall, tempreature, food and birth rates and death
35
what is Demographic Stochasticity
Unpredictable fluctuations in environment conditions
36
as a population decreased the importance of stochasticity
becomes larger and larger
37
what is disperal
MOVEMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
38
what is an active and passive modes of dispersal for aniamals
active: walking swimming ect passive: use of currents, floods or attaching to other animals
39
how do plants move
gravity, wind, animals
40
how do you measure dispersal
1. Marking and observation 2. Tracking technology 3. Intrinsic markers
41
what is a meta population
a population in a population a subset of a population
42
what is Fecundity
is an organisms reproductive capacity (the number of offspring it is capable of producing)
43
explain parental investment
the energy needed to invest in each offspring
44
how is parental investment and Fecundity related
the more offspring an organism can have the less they are invested in the offspring
45
if an individual has more offspring the likelihood that they will die is
Larger amounts of offspring= less they are to survive as the parent has to look after and defend more individuals
46
identify some early reproduction strategies
- short lived - generally a smaller body -organisms focus on reproduction rather than growth
47
identify some late reproduction strategies
-longer lived - generally a larger body -energy is focused on growth rather then reproduction
48
a species that only has a single reproductive event before they die
semelparous
49
species that has several reproductive events throughout their life
Semelparous
50
what is the r value
related to species
51
what is the k value
selected species
52
what are some features of the r value
* High rates of fecundity * Short gestation * Low levels of parental investment High rates of mortality before individuals mature
53
what are some features of the k value
* Low rates of fecundity * High levels of parental care investment Low rates of mortality of mature individuals
54
what is a parasite
an organism that obtains its nutrients from a host or various few hosts, normally causing harm to the host but not necessarily causing harm
55
what is a micro-parasite
small often unicellular, that can multiply quickly and is extremely numerous *****these include viruses, bacteria and protozoa
56
what is a macroparasite
often long lived that grow on or in their host and they typically weaken their hosts immune system
57
what are the 3 ways that parasites are transmitted
-directly -tropically - vector
58
how are parasites directly transmitted
they do not require a vector
59
how are parasites trophically transmitted
-they are eaten by hosts and survive their hosts digestion system
60
how are parasites transmitted through a vector
they are carried by other organisms between their hosts
61
what are the 4 strategies of parasites
-parasitic castrators- reduce the ability of their host to reproduce -Parasitoids - eventually kill their hosts -Micro predators - attack seveal hosts and usually feed on their blood -Brood parasites - use other species to raise their young
62
what are animal and plant population regulated by
-pathogen virulence - weather a pathogen reduced host survival
63
if a pathogen has a high virulence.......
it is more likely to be transmitted but has less sever symptoms
64
is a pathogen has low virulence
it is more likely to be harder to transmit has they symptoms are more sever thus the host cannot move much to spread the pathogen
65
decribe the allele effect
phenomenon in biology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness of a population or species.
66
when a species if clustered together in a large population
there is a higher allele effect
66
if a population losses some of their habitat
the population will decline and this the size will decrease
67
what is common in small population
inbreeding between relatives
68
what is the consequences of low genetic diversity
increased genetic depression which lowers the ability of the population to survive and reproduce
69
small geographically rangers.....
* Small geographic ranges have a higher risk of extinction which are widespread * Small ranges expose species to greater threat of habitat loss as the threaten process may occur the entire range of the species * Rapid decrease in population may occur due to abiotic factors like a fire or storms and floods
70
what is a narrow ecological niche
Narrow ecological niches means that a species relies heavily on specific habitats or resource within an ecosystem
71
species with small geographical niches
are more likely to go extinct as they cannot survive in many ecological environments, thus is a geographical condition was to occur the population/ species will be less likely to survive
72
what are some of the treats to a populations decline
-habitat loss and degradation - over exploitation -invasive species
73
how can you increase a population size
-habitat restoration - population boosting - genetic rescue

Biology: lifes Complexity (5 decks)

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