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Biology: lifes Complexity > population dynamics > Flashcards

population dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same location with other individuals

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2
Q

a population is influenced bye

A

Influenced by similar environment conditions

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3
Q

what are the 4 properties of a population

A
  • boundary
    -size
    -distribution
    -structure
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4
Q

what is a boundary in a population property

A

a boundary can be natural like a lake or arbitrary like a national park

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5
Q

the size of a populationis influenced by

A
  • The size of a population is impacted by deaths, births, immigration and emigration
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6
Q

what is the distribution of a population

A

he distribution of a population is either clumped (in clusters), uniform (same) or random

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7
Q

what is the structure of a population

A

age and sex ratios

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8
Q

what is population ecology

A

The study of population in relation to the environment and resources

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9
Q

what are 2 methods of quantifying a population

A

counting and sampling

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10
Q

what are the disadvantages of counting a population as a quantifying method

A
  • Takes a lot of effort and people
    -Can be inaccurate
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11
Q

how does sampling work

A

Locate plots across a portion of the populations rage and count the individuals in that range and estimate the average density

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12
Q

why is sampling prefered over counting

A

sampling has increased confidence

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13
Q

what equation do we use to take imperfect detection into consideration

A

n= p x N, we can rearrange this equation to find other variables
n= numbers seen
p=probability of being detected
N=abundance

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14
Q

what is imperfect detection

A

when individuals can remain undetected

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15
Q

what are the consequences of imperfect detection

A

Leads to underestimation

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16
Q

what is mark recapture

A

a method used to keep track of a population

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17
Q

what ways can you mark and recapture a population

A

bands, ear tags/collars, paint and dies

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18
Q

what assumptions need to be made for mark and recapture

A
  1. Marks remain for the length of the study
    1. Marking does hurt them
    2. There is a closed population (no births, deaths, immigration and immigration
    3. Violation of these lead to bias
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19
Q

what is an organism that has one generation per year

A

annuals

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20
Q

what is an organism that have one generation over several year

A

perennials

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21
Q

individuals that breed multiple times a year

A

Iteroparous

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22
Q

individuals breed once in their life

A

semelparous

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23
Q

what is the study of the births and death rates of populations ad how they change overtime

A

Demography

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24
Q

what is the calculation for population growth

A

N(t+1)=RNt, where (t+1) and t are in subscript

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25
Q

when R=1 what happens to the exponential growth graph

A

you get a linear graph (straight line)

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26
Q

when r=0

A

mean a stable population size

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27
Q

when r is greater then 0

A

means the population is increasing in size

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28
Q

when r is less then zero

A

it means the population is decreasing in size

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29
Q

exponential growth is the

A

· UNDER EXPONENTIAL GROWTH THE RATE OF INCREASE ( R) is constant

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30
Q

for density dependent growth

A

For density dependent growth make r depend on population size

31
Q

what is logistic growth

A

the gradual growth of the population in the beginning and then increases when the number of people grows

32
Q

what assumptions are made in the logistic growth model

A

· No variability in the environments
· No effects of change
· No consideration of population structure
No delays

33
Q

what is Stochasticity

A

ramdomness

34
Q

what is environmental Stochasticity

A

Unpredictable fluctuation in environment conditions

like rainfall, tempreature, food and birth rates and death

35
Q

what is
Demographic Stochasticity

A

Unpredictable fluctuations in environment conditions

36
Q

as a population decreased the importance of stochasticity

A

becomes larger and larger

37
Q

what is disperal

A

MOVEMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

38
Q

what is an active and passive modes of dispersal for aniamals

A

active: walking swimming ect
passive: use of currents, floods or attaching to other animals

39
Q

how do plants move

A

gravity, wind, animals

40
Q

how do you measure dispersal

A
  1. Marking and observation
    1. Tracking technology
      1. Intrinsic markers
41
Q

what is a meta population

A

a population in a population

a subset of a population

42
Q

what is Fecundity

A

is an organisms reproductive capacity (the number of offspring it is capable of producing)

43
Q

explain parental investment

A

the energy needed to invest in each offspring

44
Q

how is parental investment and Fecundity related

A

the more offspring an organism can have the less they are invested in the offspring

45
Q

if an individual has more offspring the likelihood that they will die is

A

Larger amounts of offspring= less they are to survive as the parent has to look after and defend more individuals

46
Q

identify some early reproduction strategies

A
  • short lived
  • generally a smaller body
    -organisms focus on reproduction rather than growth
47
Q

identify some late reproduction strategies

A

-longer lived
- generally a larger body
-energy is focused on growth rather then reproduction

48
Q

a species that only has a single reproductive event before they die

A

semelparous

49
Q

species that has several reproductive events throughout their life

A

Semelparous

50
Q

what is the r value

A

related to species

51
Q

what is the k value

A

selected species

52
Q

what are some features of the r value

A
  • High rates of fecundity
  • Short gestation
  • Low levels of parental investment
    High rates of mortality before individuals mature
53
Q

what are some features of the k value

A
  • Low rates of fecundity
  • High levels of parental care investment
    Low rates of mortality of mature individuals
54
Q

what is a parasite

A

an organism that obtains its nutrients from a host or various few hosts, normally causing harm to the host but not necessarily causing harm

55
Q

what is a micro-parasite

A

small often unicellular, that can multiply quickly and is extremely numerous

*****these include viruses, bacteria and protozoa

56
Q

what is a macroparasite

A

often long lived that grow on or in their host and they typically weaken their hosts immune system

57
Q

what are the 3 ways that parasites are transmitted

A

-directly
-tropically
- vector

58
Q

how are parasites directly transmitted

A

they do not require a vector

59
Q

how are parasites trophically transmitted

A

-they are eaten by hosts and survive their hosts digestion system

60
Q

how are parasites transmitted through a vector

A

they are carried by other organisms between their hosts

61
Q

what are the 4 strategies of parasites

A

-parasitic castrators- reduce the ability of their host to reproduce
-Parasitoids - eventually kill their hosts
-Micro predators - attack seveal hosts and usually feed on their blood
-Brood parasites - use other species to raise their young

62
Q

what are animal and plant population regulated by

A

-pathogen virulence
- weather a pathogen reduced host survival

63
Q

if a pathogen has a high virulence…….

A

it is more likely to be transmitted but has less sever symptoms

64
Q

is a pathogen has low virulence

A

it is more likely to be harder to transmit has they symptoms are more sever thus the host cannot move much to spread the pathogen

65
Q

decribe the allele effect

A

phenomenon in biology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness of a population or species.

66
Q

when a species if clustered together in a large population

A

there is a higher allele effect

66
Q

if a population losses some of their habitat

A

the population will decline and this the size will decrease

67
Q

what is common in small population

A

inbreeding between relatives

68
Q

what is the consequences of low genetic diversity

A

increased genetic depression which lowers the ability of the population to survive and reproduce

69
Q

small geographically rangers…..

A
  • Small geographic ranges have a higher risk of extinction which are widespread
    • Small ranges expose species to greater threat of habitat loss as the threaten process may occur the entire range of the species
    • Rapid decrease in population may occur due to abiotic factors like a fire or storms and floods
70
Q

what is a narrow ecological niche

A

Narrow ecological niches means that a species relies heavily on specific habitats or resource within an ecosystem

71
Q

species with small geographical niches

A

are more likely to go extinct as they cannot survive in many ecological environments, thus is a geographical condition was to occur the population/ species will be less likely to survive

72
Q

what are some of the treats to a populations decline

A

-habitat loss and degradation
- over exploitation
-invasive species

73
Q

how can you increase a population size

A

-habitat restoration
- population boosting
- genetic rescue

Biology: lifes Complexity (5 decks)

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