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Biology: lifes Complexity > evolution > Flashcards

evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is evolution

A

is the cumulative change in a population or species over time

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2
Q

what is natural selection

A

the process where species adapt to their environment by producing advantagous phenotypes to be best suited to their ecological area/ environment

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3
Q

what is adaptation

A

adaptation is the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment.

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4
Q

when does adaptation occurs

A

when there are
- environmental changes
- some individuals carry advantageous alleles

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5
Q

what individuals favour natural selection

A

Natural selection favoured the individuals that best suited their environments

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6
Q

what happens over time due to natural selection

A

evolution

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7
Q

what is the difference between natural selection and evolution

A

Natural selection Is a driver of evolution and acts on heritable variation within a population
whereas
* Evolution is the cumulative change in a population or species over time

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8
Q

what is microevolution

A

studies the evolutionary agents of change that shape the genome of a species

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9
Q

what is macroevolution

A

changes that occur among large taxonomic groups

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10
Q

what are the agents of change

A

natural selection
mutation
sexual reproduction
genetic drift
gene flow

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11
Q

what is a population

A

A population is a group of organisms that interact and share genetic information

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12
Q

what is a gene pool

A

Is the genetic information in a population carried by a population and is dynamic

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13
Q

a large gene pool means

A

greater diversity

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14
Q

a small gene pool means

A

less genetic diversity

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15
Q

what does genetic diversity decribe

A

Genetic diversity is a way to describe genetic variation within a gene pool of a population

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16
Q

what does the hardy weinburg theorm explain

A

The hardy Weinberg theorem explains why dominate genes are not the phenotype in a population

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17
Q

what does the HW give us

A

The HW gives us the genotype frequencies expected for any possible set of allele frequencies

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18
Q

a population will remain in equilibrium if what HW conditions are met

A

1) No change in the DNA sequence,
(2) No migration
(3) A very large population size
(4) Random mating
5) No natural selection

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19
Q

what is the HW equation

A

P^2+ 2pq+ q^2 =1

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20
Q

what do allele frequences always add up to

A

1

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21
Q

what is the equation for allele frequences

A

p+q=1

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22
Q

what is the equation of p frequencies

A

f(BB) + 0.5(FBb)

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23
Q

what is the equation for q frequencies

A

f(bb) + 0.5(Bb)

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24
Q

what are the 3 main points of natural selection

A

variation
heredity
selection

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25
Q

what ways can selection act on a population

A

direction selection (positive)
stabilizing selection
distruptive selection

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26
Q

what is direction selection

A

Favours individuals on one end of the distribution of phenotypes

for example small fish have higher fitness then large fish

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27
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

Favours individuals in the middle of the distribution of phenotypes present in a population for example acting against individuals at either extreme

28
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

Favours individuals at wither end of the distribution

29
Q

does selection favour dominant alleles or recessive alleles

A

Selection acts on dominate alleles faster then recessive alleles

30
Q

what is fitness

A

Fitness: the success of an organism at surviving and reproducing and thus contributing offspring to future generations

31
Q

what are the 2 types of mutations

A

induced and spontaneous

32
Q

what type of cells can mutation effect

A

somatic and germline cells

33
Q

how does a mutation affect a somatic cell

A
  • Affects all daughter cells of a single cell
    Not heritable
34
Q

how does a mutation affect a germline cell

A
  • Affects gametes
  • Mutations transmitted via sexual reproduction
    Mutations in the germline create new variation (alleles) and can be heritable
35
Q

how do mutations affect a population

A

They may impact on an organisms phenotype

36
Q

what is a small change mutation

A

a mutation that affects the sequence of nucleotides

37
Q

what is a large change mutation

A

a mutation that affects a chromosome

38
Q

small change mutations

A
  • More common but less genetic consequence
  • Single base changes=substitution
    = point mutations

Insertion and deletion affects the amino acid sequence

39
Q

large change mutation

A
  • If DNA is copied twice or flipped around
  • Chromosomes are joined together or gained/lost (aneuploidy)
    Entire genomes are duplicated
40
Q

mutations on regulatory regions affect

A

affect expression

41
Q

mutations in the coding regions affects

A

affects protein function

42
Q

what are the 2 modes of transferring genetic infomation

A

asexual and sexual

43
Q

what is random mating

A

equal probability that mating will occur between any two indivduals in a population

44
Q

what is non random mating

A

mating where there is a probability of bias

45
Q

how can mating systems influence evolution

A

mating systems can influence evolution by assortive mating and disasortative mating

46
Q

what is assortative mating

A

positive assortative (mating between like and like so white horse with white horse
- Inbreeding
- Less genotype diversity
- Increase homozygosity

47
Q

what is disassortative mating

A
  1. Disassortative mating: negative assortive (making between a white horse and a black horse)
    • Increase genetic diversity
      More heterozygosity
48
Q

what is genetic drift

A

changesin allele frequencies of an allele variant due to random chance

49
Q

how does genetic drift influence small populations

A

genetic drift is a stronger evolutionary agent of change
* Outcomes are more unpredictable
Probability of larger change is greater

50
Q

how does genetic drift affect larger populations

A
  • Larger populations buffer genetic drift making it a less significant agent of change
    Populations don’t need to be infinite size but large enough that random sampling effects do not impact allele frequencies
51
Q

what populations does genetic drift affect more

A

· Genetic drift affects small populations over larger populations

52
Q

what is the bottle neck affect

A

Population goes through a severe reduction where only a few member survive

53
Q

what is the founder effect

A

Smaller group from a larger population creates a new distinct population

results in migration

54
Q

what is the consequences of gene flow

A

Introduce new genetic variation
Reintroduce old genetic material from re-existing alleles

55
Q

what is migration

A

between distinct populations and occurs at larger levels

56
Q

what is movement

A

between subset populations

57
Q

how does gene flow occur

A

· Individuals needs to interbreed and produce viable offspring
If individuals like to mate disassortative gene flow is more likely to be achieved
-this is done by migration of populations which introduce new allele frequencies

58
Q

what is the equation for the change in frequency of the resident population after one genetation of migration

A

/\p=m(x-p)
m= migration rate
x=frequency of a population f(A) - migrants
p=frequency of residents

59
Q

gene flow has a large impact on the gene pool when a population

A

-migration rate (m) is high
when allele frequencies in residents (p) is migrates (x) differ

60
Q

what are barriers preventing gene flow

A

premating isolation
prezygotic isolation
postzygotic isolation

61
Q

what is premating isolation

A

geographical isolation and behavioural isolation

62
Q

what is prezygotic isolation

A

mating time differences and ecological differences

63
Q

what is postzygotic isolation

A

fertilized egg/offspring inviable

64
Q

what is allopatric speciation

A

speciation in different geographical locations

65
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

speciation in the same location

66
Q

what are the 2 types of sequencing

A

moleular and genomics

67
Q

how do you sequence a reference genome

A

Extract DNA
create sample DNA
sample
analylse
(ellie created sex addicts)

Biology: lifes Complexity (5 decks)

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