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Biology: lifes Complexity > evolution > Flashcards

evolution Flashcards

1
Q

what is evolution

A

is the cumulative change in a population or species over time

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2
Q

what is natural selection

A

the process where species adapt to their environment by producing advantagous phenotypes to be best suited to their ecological area/ environment

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3
Q

what is adaptation

A

adaptation is the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment.

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4
Q

when does adaptation occurs

A

when there are
- environmental changes
- some individuals carry advantageous alleles

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5
Q

what individuals favour natural selection

A

Natural selection favoured the individuals that best suited their environments

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6
Q

what happens over time due to natural selection

A

evolution

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7
Q

what is the difference between natural selection and evolution

A

Natural selection Is a driver of evolution and acts on heritable variation within a population
whereas
* Evolution is the cumulative change in a population or species over time

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8
Q

what is microevolution

A

studies the evolutionary agents of change that shape the genome of a species

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9
Q

what is macroevolution

A

changes that occur among large taxonomic groups

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10
Q

what are the agents of change

A

natural selection
mutation
sexual reproduction
genetic drift
gene flow

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11
Q

what is a population

A

A population is a group of organisms that interact and share genetic information

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12
Q

what is a gene pool

A

Is the genetic information in a population carried by a population and is dynamic

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13
Q

a large gene pool means

A

greater diversity

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14
Q

a small gene pool means

A

less genetic diversity

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15
Q

what does genetic diversity decribe

A

Genetic diversity is a way to describe genetic variation within a gene pool of a population

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16
Q

what does the hardy weinburg theorm explain

A

The hardy Weinberg theorem explains why dominate genes are not the phenotype in a population

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17
Q

what does the HW give us

A

The HW gives us the genotype frequencies expected for any possible set of allele frequencies

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18
Q

a population will remain in equilibrium if what HW conditions are met

A

1) No change in the DNA sequence,
(2) No migration
(3) A very large population size
(4) Random mating
5) No natural selection

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19
Q

what is the HW equation

A

P^2+ 2pq+ q^2 =1

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20
Q

what do allele frequences always add up to

A

1

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21
Q

what is the equation for allele frequences

A

p+q=1

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22
Q

what is the equation of p frequencies

A

f(BB) + 0.5(FBb)

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23
Q

what is the equation for q frequencies

A

f(bb) + 0.5(Bb)

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24
Q

what are the 3 main points of natural selection

A

variation
heredity
selection

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25
what ways can selection act on a population
direction selection (positive) stabilizing selection distruptive selection
26
what is direction selection
Favours individuals on one end of the distribution of phenotypes for example small fish have higher fitness then large fish
27
what is stabilizing selection
Favours individuals in the middle of the distribution of phenotypes present in a population for example acting against individuals at either extreme
28
what is disruptive selection
Favours individuals at wither end of the distribution
29
does selection favour dominant alleles or recessive alleles
Selection acts on dominate alleles faster then recessive alleles
30
what is fitness
Fitness: the success of an organism at surviving and reproducing and thus contributing offspring to future generations
31
what are the 2 types of mutations
induced and spontaneous
32
what type of cells can mutation effect
somatic and germline cells
33
how does a mutation affect a somatic cell
* Affects all daughter cells of a single cell Not heritable
34
how does a mutation affect a germline cell
* Affects gametes * Mutations transmitted via sexual reproduction Mutations in the germline create new variation (alleles) and can be heritable
35
how do mutations affect a population
They may impact on an organisms phenotype
36
what is a small change mutation
a mutation that affects the sequence of nucleotides
37
what is a large change mutation
a mutation that affects a chromosome
38
small change mutations
* More common but less genetic consequence * Single base changes=substitution = point mutations Insertion and deletion affects the amino acid sequence
39
large change mutation
* If DNA is copied twice or flipped around * Chromosomes are joined together or gained/lost (aneuploidy) Entire genomes are duplicated
40
mutations on regulatory regions affect
affect expression
41
mutations in the coding regions affects
affects protein function
42
what are the 2 modes of transferring genetic infomation
asexual and sexual
43
what is random mating
equal probability that mating will occur between any two indivduals in a population
44
what is non random mating
mating where there is a probability of bias
45
how can mating systems influence evolution
mating systems can influence evolution by assortive mating and disasortative mating
46
what is assortative mating
positive assortative (mating between like and like so white horse with white horse - Inbreeding - Less genotype diversity - Increase homozygosity
47
what is disassortative mating
2. Disassortative mating: negative assortive (making between a white horse and a black horse) - Increase genetic diversity More heterozygosity
48
what is genetic drift
changesin allele frequencies of an allele variant due to random chance
49
how does genetic drift influence small populations
genetic drift is a stronger evolutionary agent of change * Outcomes are more unpredictable Probability of larger change is greater
50
how does genetic drift affect larger populations
* Larger populations buffer genetic drift making it a less significant agent of change Populations don’t need to be infinite size but large enough that random sampling effects do not impact allele frequencies
51
what populations does genetic drift affect more
· Genetic drift affects small populations over larger populations
52
what is the bottle neck affect
Population goes through a severe reduction where only a few member survive
53
what is the founder effect
Smaller group from a larger population creates a new distinct population results in migration
54
what is the consequences of gene flow
Introduce new genetic variation Reintroduce old genetic material from re-existing alleles
55
what is migration
between distinct populations and occurs at larger levels
56
what is movement
between subset populations
57
how does gene flow occur
· Individuals needs to interbreed and produce viable offspring If individuals like to mate disassortative gene flow is more likely to be achieved -this is done by migration of populations which introduce new allele frequencies
58
what is the equation for the change in frequency of the resident population after one genetation of migration
/\p=m(x-p) m= migration rate x=frequency of a population f(A) - migrants p=frequency of residents
59
gene flow has a large impact on the gene pool when a population
-migration rate (m) is high when allele frequencies in residents (p) is migrates (x) differ
60
what are barriers preventing gene flow
premating isolation prezygotic isolation postzygotic isolation
61
what is premating isolation
geographical isolation and behavioural isolation
62
what is prezygotic isolation
mating time differences and ecological differences
63
what is postzygotic isolation
fertilized egg/offspring inviable
64
what is allopatric speciation
speciation in different geographical locations
65
what is sympatric speciation
speciation in the same location
66
what are the 2 types of sequencing
moleular and genomics
67
how do you sequence a reference genome
Extract DNA create sample DNA sample analylse (ellie created sex addicts)

Biology: lifes Complexity (5 decks)

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