Evolution And Diversity Flashcards
What are two ways to reproduce
Asexual and sexual
What is sexual reproduction
A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of one haploid gamete with another to create a diploid zygote
what is asexual reproduction
a mode of reproduction where an organism can replicate itself without another organism
how many kingdoms is asexual reproduction found in
6 kingdoms
how many kingdoms is sexual reproduction found in
4 kingdoms
what are the advantages of sexual reproduction
what are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction
- takes a lot of energy
- need to find a partner
- requires more time
- generally much slower
what are the advantages of asexual reproduction
- only requires one parent
- takes less times
- population can increase rapidly
what are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction
no genetic diversity
what are the 5 types of asexual reproduction
- fission
- binary fission
- budding
- fragmentation
- vegetative propagation
- parthogenesis
what are the 2 types of sexual reproduction
- internal
- external
what is fission
when one parent divides into equal parts parts
there is binary= one other budd
mutiple when there is more then one budd
what is buding
when one parent cell or organism divides into 2 or more unequal parts
what is fragmentation
when fragments of an organism can break off and become a new organism
what is vegetative propagation
when a new plant can grow from part of a parent plant when planted in soil
what is parthogenesis
when an unfertilised egg develops into an individual
what is internal fertilisation and what are the positives and negatives
Internal fertilization is the process of fertilization that occurs inside the body of an individual
negatives- less number of off-srping produced at a given time
positives- it protects the egg from dehydration on land and predation
what is external fertilization, and what is the positives and negatives
list an example
when an organism shoots their gametes onto the body of another organism
positive: lots of gametes are produced
negative: limited control over where gametes go, low success rate
frogs do this
what is oviparous
when an organism lays eggs
what is the positives of oviparous
the egg protect the embryo and allows water to be retained
what is viviparous
when an organism gives birth to live young
- embryo develops internally, and mother provides nutrients and antibodies to the embryo
what is respiration
Reparation is the process by which an organism exchanges gases between themselves and the environment
what are the 2 types of fermentation
- latic acid
- ethanol fermentation
what is aerobic respiration
when an organism uses oxygen to extract energy from food
what is anaerobic respiration
organisms do not use oxygen to extract their energy from food by instead use a different compound like nitrate or sulphur to respire
what is fermentation
he anaerobic degradation of a substance such as glucose to smaller molecules such as lactic acid or alcohol
* This is not considered respiration as it not have an ETC
how did the first life forms respire
- First life forms respired anaerobically as their was low oxygen levels
Photosynthetic bacteria evolved to produce oxygen as a product
where did the mitrocondria come from
- Evolved from endosymbiosis where a host cell engulfed a prokaryote cell
- There are 2 hypothesises for how the organism evolved
what are the 2 theories of the orgination of the mitochondria
- The traditional view is that the eukaryote host engulfed an aerobic prokaryote
- And alternative way is that a prokaryote host engulfed a facultative anaerobic prokaryote
This is apart of endosymbiotic theory
- And alternative way is that a prokaryote host engulfed a facultative anaerobic prokaryote
how do bacteria and archaea respire
aerobically, anaerobically or both
Respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
what is obligate aerobic bacteria
Obligate aerobic bacteria need oxygen, cannot survive without oxygen
what is Obligate anaerobic bacteria
bacteria that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
what is in soil that can allow fungi to respire
hyphae absorbs oxygen from tiny air spaces between soil particles
* Oxygen and carbon dioxide can move across the thin outer wall of the hyphae and absorb
do all plans respire
fucking yes cunt
how do plants get oxygen
oxygen is obtained through diffusion through the:
1. stomata
2. lenticels
what is the lenticels
stem of woody plants and some roots, plants can obtain oxygen via adsorption through their roots
what is one adaptation that plants have in their roots
- Aerenchyma are small air pockets in plant tissue, which allows for exchange of gases from exposed pats of the plant to submerged parts
what is an adaptation in plant leaves
- Stomata can open and close depending on plant condition and environment conditions
what are the 5 different systems that an animal can used to respire
- Direct diffusion
- Integumentary exchange
- Trachea
- Gills
5.Lungs
what is direct diffusion
- all animals obtain oxygen via this method
- Oxygen goes across the outer membrane to all cells
Larger animals cannot use this method because diffusion would not be able to provide oxygen quickly enough
what is Integumentary exchange
- Process of skin as the gas exchange
Gases diffuse directly across the skin into the circulatory system
what is the trachea
- Tubes that provide the body with oxygen
- Opening to trachea are called spiracles and these can be opened or closed when needed
- These are used by insects
The trachea system is separate to the circulatory system
is are gills
- They are highly branched and folded thin tissue fragments
- Water passes over the gills and oxygen rapidly diffuses across the gills to the circulatory system
- Many gills use a counter current system to gain oxygen and lose carbon dioxide
what are lungs
They vary across the animal kingdom
why is food important
used as energy that is converted and then stored or used into chemical energy
what are autotrophs
they Synthesise food they require for life but they need a source of nutrients such as nitrogen
what are the 2 types of autotrophs
chemotrophs and phototrophs
what are chemotrophs
bacteria that synthesise their own organic carbon molecules using the oxidation of inorganic compounds
* Use inorganic carbon or organic sources if available
what are phototrophs
green plants and some algae and bacteria that require organic molecules from simple inorganic molecules using sunlight as the energy source for photosynthesis
what are heterotrophs
organism that Are unable to make their own food and must consume other food sources of organic carbon
what are 6 types of heterotrophs
- Carnivores
- Insectivores
- Herbivores
- Omnivores
- Scavengers
6.Detritivores
what is anoxygenic
photoautotrophs that use H2S organic molecules as a source of electrons
what were the early heterotrophs
the earliest heterotrophs would of resembled bacteria and would of bed by adsorbing acid and base molecules in early organic oceans
* This chemical breakdown was a form of fermentation
what were the early phototrophs
photosynthetic bacteria
what is the endosymbiotic theory
- Proposed for the evolution of prokaryotes over 100 years ago
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts are well known for endosymbiosis
what is the 2 types of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory
- Phylogenetically related
Genome reduced: the organelles have their own DNA
what is the importance of roots for autotrophs
· They are the underground organs for the plant
· Uptake nutrients
· Provide support
Synthesis of hormones
what are some types of adaptations for autotrophs
- Roots to extract water and dissolved nutrients from soil
- Vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients
- Water resistant coating to minimise water loss
- Tissue for structural support
why are roots important for autotrophs
· They are the underground organs for the plant
· Uptake nutrients
· Provide support
Synthesis of hormones
what are some adaptatioons for roots
· Roots to extract water and dissolved nutrients from soil
· Vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients
· Water resistant coating to minimise water loss
Tissue for structural support
what are some vascular adaptations
- Consist of the phloem (sugars) and the xylem (water)
- More advanced vascular systems the xylems is reinforced by a ridged layer of lignin
- Trees have long stems to produce large abouts of wood through secondary growth
Transport of sugars and water to large areas
what are some leaves adaptations
- Increased SA:V ratio allowing for photosynthesis and gas exchange
Evolved to have modified branches that overlapped and flattened
what is diffusion
movement of nutrients through the cell membrane
what is phagocytosis
· Phagocytosis: engulfing items of food or prey
what are feeding filters
Filter feeders feed by straining organism matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialised filtering structure
what is parasitism
- Feed off other plants and organism without killing them
- Do not exert energy to feed (benefit)
- Cost is that your food supply is dependent on your host
Need to evolve structure that allow to remain with your host
what is external digestion
- Feed by adsorption of nutrients from the environment
- Hyphae grow through these substrates and secrete enzymes to break down the substrate making it easier for the nutrients to be diffused to the organims
what are the 6 types of easting
chewing
sucking
carbing
siphoning
sponging
what are homodont teeth
All teeth are the same shape (vertebrae)
typical of non mammals
what are heterodont teeth (vertebrae)
Have a variety of teeth shapes, typical of mammals
what is excretion
- Control cell and body water waste
- Maintenance of solute composition
Excretion of metabolic products and other unwanted substances
- Maintenance of solute composition
what is secretion
is the movement of material that has a specific task leaving the cell or organism
what is elimination
the removal of unabsorbed food that has never been part of the body typically in the forms of faeces
what is the importance of elimination and excretion
- all species across the kingdoms have evolved to effectively excrete and eliminate waste
- These process are with the kingdoms but depend on the ecological niche of the species
An inabilit
- These process are with the kingdoms but depend on the ecological niche of the species
promotes homeostasis, the constancy of the organism’s internal environment
can excretion and elimination be passive
Where solutes cross the membrane without the involvement of a specific transport protein
on average is excretion and elimination active
most yes becasue species have specialised organs to assisnt with the removal of waste products
what is a flame cell and what is its function
a specialised cell that is found in fresh water invertebrates which functions to remove water materials
how do fungi eliminate products
- some product by passive diffusion
- some by active diffusion for chemicals which occurs through specialised membrane channels
what are the three mechanism for plant excretion
- transpiration
- storage of waste
- diffusion
how does transirpation work for plant excretion
- Transpiration occurs during the day when the stoma is open
- Guttation
- Drops of xylem carries water sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some plants and a number of fungi
- Guttation usually happens at night when the stomata are closed and water builds up due to the root pressure
how does diffusion work in plant excretion
- Water and soil nutrients diffuse into plants through the plants roots hair cells
- Water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This is because root hairs are partially permeable. The diffusion of water like this is called osmosis
- Diffusion of nutrients no longer required by plants can also occur through roots of terrestrial plants
Root hairs increase SA:V of water and nutrients uptake excretion facilitating this process
how does storage of waste work for plant excretion
- Plants produce waste and store it in vacuoles of aging cells
- These storage structures can be stems, leaves or bark of trees
These cells die and fall of the plant
nitrogenous waste
Animals convert N into ammonia, urea, uric acid and guanine
what are some advantages of N products
- (ammonia)- No energy is expended in ammonia synthesis , very soluble
- (urea)- less toxic
- (uric acid) - highly insoluble and less toxic
(Guanine)- also Nealy insoluble, less water to be excreted
what are 2 excretion organs in humans
kidneys and liver
what are some disadvantages of N products
- (ammonia) Requires a lot of water for excretion
- (Urea)-synthesise is more complex and has a metabolic cost of 4 atp molecules pre urea molecule
- (Uric acid)- require energy 24 ATP pre uric acid molecule
Guanine- very high energy cost
what do the kidneys do
assist with solute and water regulation throughout the body
what does the liver do
break down substances in the blood like toxins to to assist with the breakdown of red blood cells
what is active movement
movement that requires energy
what is passive movement
moving that does not require energy
what is some advantages of passive movement
involves no energy
-typical for organism that live in water/ parasites that attach to a host
what are some disadvantages of passive movement
Possible you move to an environment that is suboptimal for your own development
what is an advantage of active movement
- they have control over where they go
what is the disadvantages of active movement
Individuals must balance investment in resources for movement against those they can invest in cellular maintenance and reproduction
why is moving in water good
- Support
- Hydration
Nutrient rich
- Hydration
what evolutionary features do u need to move in water
- Fins and flippers
- Feet like projections and structures
Cilia and flagella
- Feet like projections and structures
why is moving in water hard
strong currents can move you away
what is moving on land hard!!!
- Oxygen level in the air- you need to evolve means to capture it
- Lack of water: dehydration
- UV radiation: causing DNA changes to your body
- No support: species require structures to support them
- involves lots of energy
what structures do you need to move on land
- Cell walls
- Vascular tissues
- Lignin and bark
- Seeds and spoors
-Legs
is moving in air safe
yes cunt
what 4 things do you need to increase fossilisation
- bones or hard structure
-organisms have to be quickly covered - remain in an anoxic environment
- chemistry of the environment cannot dissolve the organism
what is Stratigraphy
used to order layers of rock from older to more decent at a single location
what can fossil tell us about an organism
- Dates
- Physiology
- Diet
- Reproductive mode
- Movement
- Migration
- Colour
Behaviour
what is an indix fossil
are fossils with a known date and can be used to date other fossils with unknown dates
what is an example of absolute dating
Radiometric dating methods based on the decay of certain elements can be used to date a fossil
what are 2 examples of human driven extinction
- the dodo and tasmanian devil
what are the types of relative dating
Stratigraphy and index fossil
how can humans casuse extinction of a species
- Habitat loss
- Species introductions
- Pollutions
- Overexploitation
Climate change
