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Biology: lifes Complexity > Evolution And Diversity > Flashcards

Evolution And Diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are two ways to reproduce

A

Asexual and sexual

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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of one haploid gamete with another to create a diploid zygote

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3
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

a mode of reproduction where an organism can replicate itself without another organism

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4
Q

how many kingdoms is asexual reproduction found in

A

6 kingdoms

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5
Q

how many kingdoms is sexual reproduction found in

A

4 kingdoms

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6
Q

what are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A
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7
Q

what are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • takes a lot of energy
  • need to find a partner
  • requires more time
  • generally much slower
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8
Q

what are the advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • only requires one parent
  • takes less times
  • population can increase rapidly
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9
Q

what are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

no genetic diversity

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10
Q

what are the 5 types of asexual reproduction

A
  1. fission
  2. binary fission
  3. budding
  4. fragmentation
  5. vegetative propagation
  6. parthogenesis
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11
Q

what are the 2 types of sexual reproduction

A
  1. internal
  2. external
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12
Q

what is fission

A

when one parent divides into equal parts parts
there is binary= one other budd
mutiple when there is more then one budd

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13
Q

what is buding

A

when one parent cell or organism divides into 2 or more unequal parts

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14
Q

what is fragmentation

A

when fragments of an organism can break off and become a new organism

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15
Q

what is vegetative propagation

A

when a new plant can grow from part of a parent plant when planted in soil

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16
Q

what is parthogenesis

A

when an unfertilised egg develops into an individual

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17
Q

what is internal fertilisation and what are the positives and negatives

A

Internal fertilization is the process of fertilization that occurs inside the body of an individual

negatives- less number of off-srping produced at a given time

positives- it protects the egg from dehydration on land and predation

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18
Q

what is external fertilization, and what is the positives and negatives

list an example

A

when an organism shoots their gametes onto the body of another organism

positive: lots of gametes are produced
negative: limited control over where gametes go, low success rate

frogs do this

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19
Q

what is oviparous

A

when an organism lays eggs

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20
Q

what is the positives of oviparous

A

the egg protect the embryo and allows water to be retained

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

what is viviparous

A

when an organism gives birth to live young

  • embryo develops internally, and mother provides nutrients and antibodies to the embryo
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23
Q

what is respiration

A

Reparation is the process by which an organism exchanges gases between themselves and the environment

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24
Q

what are the 2 types of fermentation

A
  1. latic acid
  2. ethanol fermentation
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25
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

when an organism uses oxygen to extract energy from food

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26
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

organisms do not use oxygen to extract their energy from food by instead use a different compound like nitrate or sulphur to respire

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27
Q

what is fermentation

A

he anaerobic degradation of a substance such as glucose to smaller molecules such as lactic acid or alcohol
* This is not considered respiration as it not have an ETC

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28
Q

how did the first life forms respire

A
  • First life forms respired anaerobically as their was low oxygen levels

Photosynthetic bacteria evolved to produce oxygen as a product

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29
Q

where did the mitrocondria come from

A
  • Evolved from endosymbiosis where a host cell engulfed a prokaryote cell
  • There are 2 hypothesises for how the organism evolved
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30
Q

what are the 2 theories of the orgination of the mitochondria

A
  1. The traditional view is that the eukaryote host engulfed an aerobic prokaryote
    1. And alternative way is that a prokaryote host engulfed a facultative anaerobic prokaryote
      This is apart of endosymbiotic theory
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31
Q

how do bacteria and archaea respire

A

aerobically, anaerobically or both
Respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

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32
Q

what is obligate aerobic bacteria

A

Obligate aerobic bacteria need oxygen, cannot survive without oxygen

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33
Q

what is Obligate anaerobic bacteria

A

bacteria that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

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34
Q

what is in soil that can allow fungi to respire

A

hyphae absorbs oxygen from tiny air spaces between soil particles
* Oxygen and carbon dioxide can move across the thin outer wall of the hyphae and absorb

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35
Q

do all plans respire

A

fucking yes cunt

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36
Q

how do plants get oxygen

A

oxygen is obtained through diffusion through the:
1. stomata
2. lenticels

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37
Q

what is the lenticels

A

stem of woody plants and some roots, plants can obtain oxygen via adsorption through their roots

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38
Q

what is one adaptation that plants have in their roots

A
  • Aerenchyma are small air pockets in plant tissue, which allows for exchange of gases from exposed pats of the plant to submerged parts
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39
Q

what is an adaptation in plant leaves

A
  • Stomata can open and close depending on plant condition and environment conditions
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40
Q

what are the 5 different systems that an animal can used to respire

A
  1. Direct diffusion
    1. Integumentary exchange
    2. Trachea
    3. Gills
      5.Lungs
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41
Q

what is direct diffusion

A
  • all animals obtain oxygen via this method
  • Oxygen goes across the outer membrane to all cells
    Larger animals cannot use this method because diffusion would not be able to provide oxygen quickly enough
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42
Q

what is Integumentary exchange

A
  • Process of skin as the gas exchange
    Gases diffuse directly across the skin into the circulatory system
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43
Q

what is the trachea

A
  • Tubes that provide the body with oxygen
  • Opening to trachea are called spiracles and these can be opened or closed when needed
  • These are used by insects
    The trachea system is separate to the circulatory system
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44
Q

is are gills

A
  • They are highly branched and folded thin tissue fragments
  • Water passes over the gills and oxygen rapidly diffuses across the gills to the circulatory system
  • Many gills use a counter current system to gain oxygen and lose carbon dioxide
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45
Q

what are lungs

A

They vary across the animal kingdom

46
Q

why is food important

A

used as energy that is converted and then stored or used into chemical energy

47
Q

what are autotrophs

A

they Synthesise food they require for life but they need a source of nutrients such as nitrogen

48
Q

what are the 2 types of autotrophs

A

chemotrophs and phototrophs

49
Q

what are chemotrophs

A

bacteria that synthesise their own organic carbon molecules using the oxidation of inorganic compounds
* Use inorganic carbon or organic sources if available

50
Q

what are phototrophs

A

green plants and some algae and bacteria that require organic molecules from simple inorganic molecules using sunlight as the energy source for photosynthesis

51
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

organism that Are unable to make their own food and must consume other food sources of organic carbon

52
Q

what are 6 types of heterotrophs

A
  1. Carnivores
    1. Insectivores
    2. Herbivores
    3. Omnivores
    4. Scavengers
      6.Detritivores
53
Q

what is anoxygenic

A

photoautotrophs that use H2S organic molecules as a source of electrons

54
Q

what were the early heterotrophs

A

the earliest heterotrophs would of resembled bacteria and would of bed by adsorbing acid and base molecules in early organic oceans
* This chemical breakdown was a form of fermentation

55
Q

what were the early phototrophs

A

photosynthetic bacteria

56
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A
  • Proposed for the evolution of prokaryotes over 100 years ago
    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts are well known for endosymbiosis
57
Q

what is the 2 types of evidence for the endosymbiotic theory

A
  • Phylogenetically related
    Genome reduced: the organelles have their own DNA
58
Q

what is the importance of roots for autotrophs

A

· They are the underground organs for the plant
· Uptake nutrients
· Provide support
Synthesis of hormones

59
Q

what are some types of adaptations for autotrophs

A
  • Roots to extract water and dissolved nutrients from soil
    • Vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients
    • Water resistant coating to minimise water loss
    • Tissue for structural support
60
Q

why are roots important for autotrophs

A

· They are the underground organs for the plant
· Uptake nutrients
· Provide support
Synthesis of hormones

61
Q

what are some adaptatioons for roots

A

· Roots to extract water and dissolved nutrients from soil
· Vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients
· Water resistant coating to minimise water loss
Tissue for structural support

62
Q

what are some vascular adaptations

A
  • Consist of the phloem (sugars) and the xylem (water)
  • More advanced vascular systems the xylems is reinforced by a ridged layer of lignin
  • Trees have long stems to produce large abouts of wood through secondary growth
    Transport of sugars and water to large areas
63
Q

what are some leaves adaptations

A
  • Increased SA:V ratio allowing for photosynthesis and gas exchange

Evolved to have modified branches that overlapped and flattened

64
Q

what is diffusion

A

movement of nutrients through the cell membrane

65
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

· Phagocytosis: engulfing items of food or prey

66
Q

what are feeding filters

A

Filter feeders feed by straining organism matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialised filtering structure

67
Q

what is parasitism

A
  • Feed off other plants and organism without killing them
  • Do not exert energy to feed (benefit)
  • Cost is that your food supply is dependent on your host
    Need to evolve structure that allow to remain with your host
68
Q

what is external digestion

A
  • Feed by adsorption of nutrients from the environment
  • Hyphae grow through these substrates and secrete enzymes to break down the substrate making it easier for the nutrients to be diffused to the organims
69
Q

what are the 6 types of easting

A

chewing
sucking
carbing
siphoning
sponging

70
Q

what are homodont teeth

A

All teeth are the same shape (vertebrae)

typical of non mammals

71
Q

what are heterodont teeth (vertebrae)

A

Have a variety of teeth shapes, typical of mammals

72
Q

what is excretion

A
  1. Control cell and body water waste
    1. Maintenance of solute composition
      Excretion of metabolic products and other unwanted substances
73
Q

what is secretion

A

is the movement of material that has a specific task leaving the cell or organism

74
Q

what is elimination

A

the removal of unabsorbed food that has never been part of the body typically in the forms of faeces

75
Q

what is the importance of elimination and excretion

A
  • all species across the kingdoms have evolved to effectively excrete and eliminate waste
    • These process are with the kingdoms but depend on the ecological niche of the species
      An inabilit

promotes homeostasis, the constancy of the organism’s internal environment

76
Q
A
77
Q

can excretion and elimination be passive

A

Where solutes cross the membrane without the involvement of a specific transport protein

78
Q

on average is excretion and elimination active

A

most yes becasue species have specialised organs to assisnt with the removal of waste products

79
Q

what is a flame cell and what is its function

A

a specialised cell that is found in fresh water invertebrates which functions to remove water materials

80
Q

how do fungi eliminate products

A
  • some product by passive diffusion
  • some by active diffusion for chemicals which occurs through specialised membrane channels
81
Q

what are the three mechanism for plant excretion

A
  • transpiration
  • storage of waste
  • diffusion
82
Q

how does transirpation work for plant excretion

A
  • Transpiration occurs during the day when the stoma is open
  • Guttation
  • Drops of xylem carries water sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some plants and a number of fungi
  • Guttation usually happens at night when the stomata are closed and water builds up due to the root pressure
83
Q

how does diffusion work in plant excretion

A
  • Water and soil nutrients diffuse into plants through the plants roots hair cells
  • Water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This is because root hairs are partially permeable. The diffusion of water like this is called osmosis
  • Diffusion of nutrients no longer required by plants can also occur through roots of terrestrial plants
    Root hairs increase SA:V of water and nutrients uptake excretion facilitating this process
84
Q

how does storage of waste work for plant excretion

A
  • Plants produce waste and store it in vacuoles of aging cells
  • These storage structures can be stems, leaves or bark of trees
    These cells die and fall of the plant
85
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

Animals convert N into ammonia, urea, uric acid and guanine

86
Q

what are some advantages of N products

A
  • (ammonia)- No energy is expended in ammonia synthesis , very soluble
  • (urea)- less toxic
  • (uric acid) - highly insoluble and less toxic
    (Guanine)- also Nealy insoluble, less water to be excreted
87
Q

what are 2 excretion organs in humans

A

kidneys and liver

87
Q

what are some disadvantages of N products

A
  • (ammonia) Requires a lot of water for excretion
  • (Urea)-synthesise is more complex and has a metabolic cost of 4 atp molecules pre urea molecule
  • (Uric acid)- require energy 24 ATP pre uric acid molecule
    Guanine- very high energy cost
87
Q

what do the kidneys do

A

assist with solute and water regulation throughout the body

88
Q

what does the liver do

A

break down substances in the blood like toxins to to assist with the breakdown of red blood cells

88
Q

what is active movement

A

movement that requires energy

88
Q

what is passive movement

A

moving that does not require energy

89
Q

what is some advantages of passive movement

A

involves no energy

-typical for organism that live in water/ parasites that attach to a host

89
Q

what are some disadvantages of passive movement

A

Possible you move to an environment that is suboptimal for your own development

90
Q

what is an advantage of active movement

A
  • they have control over where they go
90
Q

what is the disadvantages of active movement

A

Individuals must balance investment in resources for movement against those they can invest in cellular maintenance and reproduction

91
Q

why is moving in water good

A
  • Support
    • Hydration
      Nutrient rich
92
Q

what evolutionary features do u need to move in water

A
  • Fins and flippers
    • Feet like projections and structures
      Cilia and flagella
92
Q

why is moving in water hard

A

strong currents can move you away

92
Q

what is moving on land hard!!!

A
  • Oxygen level in the air- you need to evolve means to capture it
    • Lack of water: dehydration
    • UV radiation: causing DNA changes to your body
    • No support: species require structures to support them
  • involves lots of energy
93
Q

what structures do you need to move on land

A
  • Cell walls
    • Vascular tissues
    • Lignin and bark
    • Seeds and spoors
      -Legs
94
Q

is moving in air safe

A

yes cunt

95
Q

what 4 things do you need to increase fossilisation

A
  • bones or hard structure
    -organisms have to be quickly covered
  • remain in an anoxic environment
  • chemistry of the environment cannot dissolve the organism
96
Q

what is Stratigraphy

A

used to order layers of rock from older to more decent at a single location

96
Q

what can fossil tell us about an organism

A
  • Dates
    • Physiology
    • Diet
    • Reproductive mode
    • Movement
    • Migration
    • Colour
      Behaviour
97
Q

what is an indix fossil

A

are fossils with a known date and can be used to date other fossils with unknown dates

97
Q

what is an example of absolute dating

A

Radiometric dating methods based on the decay of certain elements can be used to date a fossil

98
Q

what are 2 examples of human driven extinction

A
  • the dodo and tasmanian devil
98
Q

what are the types of relative dating

A

Stratigraphy and index fossil

99
Q

how can humans casuse extinction of a species

A
  • Habitat loss
    • Species introductions
    • Pollutions
    • Overexploitation
      Climate change

Biology: lifes Complexity (5 decks)

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