Senses

Question 1

Sensory neurons have ___ that ___ to a ___ called ____. These are ___ to the neuron by the ____.

Types of senses:

Answer 1

structures, response, stimulus, receptors, connected, dendrites
>general: widely distributed through body (skin, organs, joints)
>special: confined to structures in head ( eyes, ears)

Question 2

Sensory impulses (function):

Answer 2

• stimulation of a receptor results in action potential
• impulses are carried from the PNS by (afferent (sensory)) neurons toward the CNS
• CNS (Brain)-analyzes and interprets the impulses

Question 3

Sensation

Perception

Answer 3

Sensation: occurs when the Brain (you) becomes aware/ NOT what the stimulus is

Perception: occurs when the brain interprets a sensory impulse/ you KNOW what it is

Question 4

• ______ (action potentials) that travel from a sensory receptor to the CNS ___ ___ ___.
• essentially ____ are same, all produce the ____ of action potentials.

Answer 4

all nerve impulses, are the same

all neurons, same kind

Question 5

what determines what the ____ is?
the part of the _____ that ____ impulse.
Examples:

Answer 5

Sensation
cerebral cortex, receives

Temporal lobe: all impulses to region are interpreted as sound
Occipital lobe: interpreted as light

Question 6

the ___(___) of a stimulus is ___(___) in the brain by:

Answer 6

intensity(strength), interpreted(perceived)

EX:the rate(frequency) of the impulses(action potentials) reaching the brain. The higher the rate=the more intense

Question 7

Receptors (functions):

Answer 7

all receptors share a common feature. Each type responds to a distinct(specific) type of environmental change (stimulus).
> meaning they are much less sensitive to tother forms of stimulation BUT, they can still respond to these other forms. They still produce the same perception

Question 8

Adaptive response and types:

Answer 8

if a stimulus is constant for a period of time-receptor will adapt, that is if no further increase in the frequency of AP’s (no more increase in intensity) generation of APs may stop all together.

Phasic adaptors: adapts quickly (touch, temp, receptors) not feeling clothes, jewelry
Tonic adaptors: adapts slowly or not at all (pain receptors)

Question 9

Chemoreceptors:

Answer 9

respond to changes in chemical substances

smell, taste, oxygen levels

Question 10

nocireceptors:

Answer 10

pain, respond from tissue damage from: mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical

**considered subtype of chemo=pain receptor

Question 11

photoreceptor

Answer 11

responds to light energy

Question 12

thermoreceptors

Answer 12

responds to changes in temperature

Question 13

mechanoreceptors: subtypes

Answer 13

mechano-changes in movement
>proprioreceptors-change in position
>baroreceptors-change in pressure
>stretch- organs muscles

Question 14

General senses:
exteroreceptive senses (located):
visceroreceptive senses:

Answer 14

• receptors for the general sense are widely distributed throughout the body
• (dermis of skin)changes occurring at the body surfaces
• changes occurring in the viscera (organs)

Question 15

exteroreceptive senses (types)

Answer 15

touch and pressure- displacement of tissues (superficial-sense fine touch)(deep-sense pressure/vibrations)

Temperature: warm receptors, cold (more cold than warm) relative amount of each determines temperature felt 2:1 cold:warm in skin

Pain: tissue damage, various causes, respond to more than one cause (extreme cold/pressure)

Proprioception: stretch provide information about the condition of muscles and tendons (those seen in reflex- reciprocal innervation)

Question 16

Visceroreceptive senses (internal organs):

Answer 16

pressure: changes in blood pressure in vessels
Stretch: fullness felt after eating, bladder
chemical: food in stomach stimulates acid production
pain: tissue damage in heart=angina/stretch-extended bowel=abdominal cramps