Nervous System Flashcards
Most substances in nature are _____, not positive or negative. If something is positive or negative, they are said to have _______ We refer to something with a charge as having _______
Neutral Charge Polarity Battery: one end is positive/ has positive polarity, other end is negative or has negative polarity.
The inside of all cells in the body are____, when compared to the outside of the cell. The inside of cells have ______, while the outside has ______.
negative, negative polarity, positive polarity
Internal negative polarity maintained by: When a ____ comes in contact with a neurons dendrites/cell body (2 main effects):
-protein pumps in the cell membrane that use ATP b/c Na/K pumps require active transport Stimulus 1.allows diffusion of these specific ions to occur thru protein channels 2. this changes the charge (polarity) of the inside of the cell.
- Inside cell at REST: Na (high or low), polarity K (high or low), polarity Proteins 2. Outside the cell at REST: Ionic gradient positive to negative
- low, positive polarity high, positive polarity negative polarity (makes whole cell negative) 2. Generally positive on outside K low, Na high
when a ___ comes in contact with a neurons ____ this allows:
stimulus (anything: sound, light, pain), dendrites/cell body 1. protein channels to open 2. diffusion of these specific ions to occur from high concentration to low concentration 3. changes the charge (polarity) of the inside of the cell.
stimulus can be from: Whatever the stimulus, it causes: Ultimately results in:
* Internal: brain generating impulse, stretching of an organ, muscle *External: hot/cold, light, movement 1. certain ion channels to open 2. ions diffuse based on their concentration (high to low) 3. diffusion changes the ion concentrations >>neurons internal charge (polarity) changes= electrochemical activity/action potential/signal
Na/K pump moves the ____ back inside the neuron and the ____ out of the neuron. This uses ______
K, Na, active transport
Definition of an action potential:
wave of electrochemical activity that allows a neuron to carry a signal over a distance.
The structure of the neuron allows(movement):
electrochemical activity to move like a wave- down the axon to the next structure (rock/pond, moves out from where rock hit)
Action potential occurs only in the _____ of neurons. Define structure:
Axons: extension of the cell body, only 1 per neuron, surrounded by multiple layers of a phospholipid membrane (cell membrane of another cell) called myelin sheath. Myelin produced by specialized non neuron cells.
Action potentials only occur in: Called: Area where action potential moved from: Direction it moves: (distal to beginning)
gap between myelin sheath. Move to next area of axon that is un-myelinated. -Node of ranvier (space not node) - Refractory: cannot generate another action potential for specific amount of time. -can only move in one direction
1-Function of structure(Action Potential): 2-During each step of these functions:
1-Connect: all parts of body to CNS 1-In CNS: process incoming data 1-To send: signal back to the rest of the body to direct their activities 2- connections between neurons, not a single axon & then another one…MULTIPLE neurons, may go in different directions.
Neuronal Arrangement 1st neuron is before the synapse called: 2nd neuron is after the synapse called: 2nd then connects with number of structures:
presynaptic neuron, post synaptic neuron muscle, organ, gland, another neuron
Each time there is a neuronal connection there is a _____, means ______ is used.
synapse, always neurotransmitter
clinical monamine part 5: cocaine
-appears to bind to all receptors in monoamine family -causes levels to remain elevated in synapse -overstimulation of pathways that use dopamine in behavioral rewards
