Nervous System 3

Question 1

CRANIAL NERVES
How many?
Originate from?
Generally what kind of nerve

Answer 1

> Twelve pairs (left and right)
1,2 originate form brain (above brainstem smell/sight only sensory), 3-12 originated from brainstem
generally mixed nerves(3-12) (contain both afferent/sensory, and efferent/motor

Question 2

What is located between the diencephalon and spinal cord?

What does it include?

Answer 2

Brain stem

Midbrain(visual), pons(face), medulla oblongata

Question 3

Midbrain contains?
What are these functions
Has?

Answer 3

> several nuclei(nuclei, aggregations of neuron cell bodies)
> nuclei involved: movement of eye, movement of head and neck to visual stimuli (startle reflex/ flinch), substantial nigra (large dark area)- release dopamine, loss of dopamine associated with parkinson disease
»Cranial nerves for: sensory for body position, motor for eyelids, eye movement, pupils, lens (focusing)

Question 4

Pons functions and cranial nerves

Answer 4

• relay for voluntary movement (neurons originate in cerebral cortex/ pre central sulcus area)
• helps regulate breathing
• cranial nerves- sensory: face, taste
• cranial nerves- motor: eye movement, mastication, facial expressions, tear and salivary glands

Question 5

Medulla oblongata contains and functions

Answer 5

• white matter: all sensory and motor tracts (axons) between spinal cord and other parts of brain. = CROSSROADS efferent/afferent
• Nuclei (neuron cell bodies) for: cardiovascular center and respiratory center
• other nuclei (protective mechanisms): vomiting, coughing, swallowing, sneezing

Question 6

Medulla oblongata: cranial nerves for:

Answer 6

Sensory: hearing/balance, throat, tongue, carotid arteries, organs of thoracic and abdominal cavities
Motor: swallowing, salivary glands, speech, organs of thoracic and abdominal cavities, tongue, soft palate, throat, vocal cords, muscle of neck and back

Question 7

CNS: Spinal cord: organization

Answer 7

Central area: grey matter (neuron cell bodies)
Peripheral area: white matter (neuron axon tracts)

Tracts: ascending tracts (afferent): sensory axons to brain
Descending tracts (efferent): Motor axons to muscles

Question 8

Peripheral Nerves: 
1. somatic
     A. spinal
     B. cranial
2. autonomic

Answer 8

a. nerves come off spinal cord

b. come off above spinal cord (brain stem)

Question 9

1. Spinal Nerves-

2. how many nerves from each section of the vertebrae

Answer 9

1-originate at the levels designated by the bones of the vertebral column.
-spinal nerve c5=5th cervical vertebrae
- spinal nerve t10= 10th thoracic vertebrae
- spinal nerve L3=3rd lumbar vertebrae
2- cervical- 8 nerves (7 vertebrae)
- thoracic- 12 nerves
- lumbar- 5 nerves
sacral- 5 nerves

Question 10

In general all spinal nerves have _____ (____,____).

Spinal nerves are a “____ ____ ____” = ___

Answer 10

Both; Afferent (sensory) neurons- that send impulses to the sensory cortex of the brain.
Efferent (motor) neurons- take impulses from the motor cortex of the brain to skeletal muscles.
> two-way street= mixed nerves

Question 11

Nerves- name/number/ function
I
II
VII
VIII

Answer 11

I- olfactory (sensory)- transmit impulses assoc with smell
II-optic (sensory)- impulse assoc with vision
VII- facial (mixed)- sensory receptors anterior tongue, motor transmit muscles of facial expression, tear glands and salivary glands
VIII- vestibulocochlear- (sensory)- equilibrium, hearing,

Question 12

Nerves- name/number/ function
X
XII

Answer 12

X-vagus(primarily motor)- motor fibers for speech, swallowing; autonomic impulses to viscera of thorax and abdomen
XII-hypoglossal (primarily motor)- muscles that move tongue, some proprioceptor input

Question 13

Peripheral nerves: Autonomic

• functions ___ conscious effort. (___, ___)
• controls ____ activities
• regulates ____, ____, and ____.
• regulates _____, ____, ____ etc.

Answer 13

• without (diencephalon, brainstem)
• visceral organs
• smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
• Blood pressure, resp, digestion

Question 14

Autonomic nervous division and functions

Answer 14

Sympathetic: fight/flight, use epinephrine/norepinephrine as neurotransmitter

Parasympathetic: prepares body for resting and digesting activities, acetylcholine as neurotransmitter

Question 15

In fight or flight the following do what?
Adrenal glands
Eye
Sweat glands
Saliva glands
GI tract
Liver
Lungs
Heart

Answer 15

Adrenal: release epi from medulla
Eye: dilate pupil= increase light
Sweat G: stimulate secretion sweaty palms from heat loss form increased muscle activity
Saliva G: decrease secretion, dry mouth shut down GI tract
GI tract: decrease motility, decrease function blood pushed to muscles
Liver: stimulates glycolysis, increase blood glucose=ATP
Lungs: dilates bronchioles, increase oxygen absorption= ATP
Heart: increase rate, conduction, strength, increase cardiac output