SENSES Flashcards
state the 2 Basic Groups of Senses
General Senses
Special Senses
State the general senses
- Somatic senses
- Visceral senses
provide information about various internal organs primarily involving pain and pressure
Visceral senses
provide sensory information about the body and the environment
Somatic senses
State some examples of special senses
- Smell (olfaction)
- Taste
- Vision
- Hearing
- Balance
State some examples of General senses: SOMATIC
Touch
Pain
Pressure
Temperature
Proprioception
State some examples of General senses: VISCERAL
Pain
Pressure
general senses located in skin, muscles, joints
Somatic
general senses located in internal organs
visceral
sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials
SENSORY RECEPTORS
respond to mechanical stimuli, such as the bending or stretching of
receptors
Mechanoreceptors
respond to chemicals
* For example, odor molecules bind to chemoreceptors, allowing us to perceive smell
Chemoreceptors
respond to light
Photoreceptors
respond to temperature changes
Thermoreceptors
respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pain
Nociceptors
GENERAL SENSES
- Touch
- Pressure
- Pain
- Temperature
- Vibration
- Itch
- Proprioception
state the touch receptors
- Merkel disks
- Hair follicle receptors
- Meissner corpuscles
- Ruffini corpuscles
- Pacinian corpuscles
light touch and superficial pressure
Merkel disks
associated with hairs; involved in detecting light touch (not very
discriminative)
Hair follicle receptors
continuous pressure in the skin
Ruffini corpuscles
fine, discriminative touch and are located just deep to the epidermis
very specific in localizing tactile sensations
Meissner corpuscles
deepest receptors; associated with tendons and joints
Pacinian corpuscles
relay information concerning deep pressure, vibration, and body position (proprioception)
Pacinian corpuscles
Group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences
Pain
Perceived to originate in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus
Referred Pain
Referred Pain is most commonly sensed when?
when deeper structures, such as internal organs, are damaged or inflamed
Smell (olfaction)
chemoreceptors
taste
chemoreceptors
vision
photoreceptors
hearing
mechanoreceptors
Balance
mechanoreceptors
sensory structures that detect taste stimuli
located on the surface of the tongue (papillae)
Taste Buds
State the 5 Basic Type of Taste sensations
- Sour
- Salty
- Bitter
- Sweet
- Umami (savory)
Taste sensations are carried to the brain by three cranial nerves. State them
- Facial nerve
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
- Vagus nerve
anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Facial nerve
posterior one-third
Glossopharyngeal nerve
root of the tongue
Vagus nerve
Eyes are housed within ???
bony cavities called orbits
Accessory Structures of the Eye
- Eyebrows
- Eyelids
- Conjunctiva
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Extrinsic eye muscles
Visual system includes the ?
eyes
accessory structures
sensory neurons
protect, lubricate, and move the eye
Accessory Structures of the Eye
protect the eyes by preventing perspiration from running down the forehead and into the eyes, causing irritation. They also help shade the eyes from direct sunlight
eyebrows
associated lashes, protect the eyes from foreign objects
helps keep the eyes lubricated by spreading tears over the surfaces
eyelids
a thin, transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eye
helps lubricate the surface of the eye
Conjunctiva
parts of the Lacrimal Apparatus
- Lacrimal gland
- Nasolacrimal duct
situated in the superior lateral corner of the orbit; produce tears
Lacrimal gland
hollow, fluid-filled sphere
Eyeball
The wall of the eyeball is composed of ____ tissue layers, or _____
three tissue layers, or tunics
Responsible for the movement of each eyeball
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Fibrous Tunic COMPONENTS
Sclera
Cornea
Firm, white, outer connective tissue layer of the posterior fibrous tunic
Sclera
maintains the shape of the eye
Protects the internal structures, and provides attachment sites
for the extrinsic eye muscles
Sclera
Transparent anterior portion of the eye and Permits light to enter
Cornea
Middle layer of the eye and contains most of the blood vessels of the eye
Vascular Tunic
Vascular Tunic is composed of
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
The posterior portion of the vascular tunic
Choroid
contains smooth muscles called ciliary muscles, which attach to
the perimeter of the lens by suspensory ligaments
Ciliary body
colored part of the eye; contractile structure consisting mainly of smooth muscle surrounding an opening (pupil)
Iris
innermost layer and consists of the retina
Nervous Tunic
the Nervous Tunic is composed of
Retina
covers the posterior five-sixths of the eye and is composed of two layers
- Outer pigmented retina
- Inner sensory retina
Retina
With the choroid, keeps light from reflecting back into the eye
Outer pigmented retina
function in dim light because they are very sensitive; do not provide color vision
Rods
Contains photoreceptor cells and numerous interneurons
Inner sensory retina
require much more light; provide color vision
(blue, green, or red)
Cones
center of the macula
* part of the retina where light is most focused Optic disc
- contains only cone cells
Fovea centralis
small spot near the center of the posterior retina
Macula
“Blind spot of the eye”
Optic disc
White spot just medial to the macula through which a number of blood vessels enter the eye and spread over the surface of the retina
- Contains no photoreceptor cells and does not respond to light
Optic disc
Absence of perception of one or more of perception of one or more color
Color blindness
Misalignment of the two eyes and results from weakness of the muscles moving the eyes
Diplopia/ double vision
The organs of hearing and balance are located in the ____
ears
Three areas of the ear
- External ear
- Middle ear
- Inner ear
part extending from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
External ear
air-filled chamber medial to the tympanic membrane
middle ear
set of fluid-filled chambers medial to the middle ear
inner ear
external ear is composed of
Auricle
Tympanic membrane
fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head
collects sound waves and directs them toward the external auditory canal
Auricle
- Eardrum, a thin membrane that separates the external ear
from the middle ear - Sound waves reaching the tympanic membrane cause it to vibrate
The tympanic membrane
bony labyrinth can be divided into three regions:
Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Process of hearing involves two major steps, state them
- Conduction of sound waves
- Stimulation of hearing receptors
The senses of hearing and balance are both transmitted by the ________ nerve (_____)
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Balance/Equilibrium has two components, state each
- Static equilibrium
- Dynamic equilibrium
associated with the semicircular canals; involved in evaluating changes in the direction and rate of head movements
Dynamic equilibrium
associated with the vestibule; involved in evaluating the position of the head relative to gravity
Static equilibrium
infection of eyelash hair follicle
stye
nearsightedness
Myopia
farsightedness
hyperopia
