NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
Functions of the Nervous System
- Receiving sensory input
- Integrating information
- Controlling muscles and glands
- Maintaining homeostasis
- Establishing and maintaining mental activity
State the divisions of the nervous system
Central
Peripheral
Parts of the central nervous system
Brain
Spinal Cord
Parts of the Peripheral nervous system
Nerves
Ganglia
from sensory receptors to the CNS
Sensory division
*this is from the Peripheral Nervous System
carry out different activities that enhance neuron function and maintain normal conditions within nervous tissue
Glial cells
state the cells of the nervous system
Neurons (nerve cells)
Glial cells
Dendrites
Axon
receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs
Neurons (nerve cells)
short, branching cytoplasmic extensions and receive information from other neurons
Dendrites
from the CNS to effector organs
Motor division
*this is from the Peripheral Nervous System
single long cell process extending from the neuron cell body
Axon
____ of sensory neurons conduct action potentials towards the CNS, and axons of motor neurons conduct action potentials away from the CNS
Axons
State all the types of Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
major supporting cells in the CNS
Astrocytes
line the fluid-filled cavities
Ependymal cells
act as immune cells of the CNS
Microglia
provide an insulating material that surrounds axons
Oligodendrocytes
State the types of Glial Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System
- Schwann Cells
- Satellite Cells
provide insulating material around axons
Schwann cells
provide support and nutrition to the neurons
Satellite Cells
gaps in the myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some neurons
Myelin Sheaths
lack the myelin sheaths
Unmyelinated axons
a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with cells of an effector organ
Synapse
The nerves of the PNS can be divided into _____ groups:
___ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves
The nerves of the PNS can be divided into two (2) groups:
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the second lumbar vertebra
Spinal Cord
Involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus
Reflexes
basic functional unit of the nervous system because it is the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.
Reflex Arc
occurs when muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to them
Knee-Jerk Reflex
connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain
Brainstem
the brainstem controls what?
heart rate
blood pressure
breathing
The brainstem is consists of how many parts? State each.
consists of 3 parts:
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Midbrain
the most inferior portion of the brainstem
Medulla Oblongata
Medulla Oblongata regulates what
heart rate and blood vessel diameter
breathing
swallowing
vomiting
coughing
sneezing
balance
coordination
Pons contains what
ascending and descending nerve tracts, as well as several nuclei
Pons control functions for?
breathing
swallowing
balance chewing
salivation
Immediately superior to the medulla oblongata
Pons
Lies superior to the pons and is the smallest region of the brainstem
Midbrain
Attached to the brainstem by several large connections called cerebellar peduncles
Cerebellum
the midbrain contains _________ involved in regulating general body movements
substantia nigra
The Cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by several large connections called _______________
cerebellar peduncles
Part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum
Diencephalon
involved in coordinating eye movements and controlling pupil diameter and lens shape
Midbrain
state the three parts of Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Epithalamus
- Hypothalamus
the largest part of the diencephalon.
Thalamus
Thalamus is consist of
consists of a cluster of nuclei
small area superior and posterior to the thalamus
Epithalamus
the THALAMUS influences
mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
Consists of a few small nuclei, involved in the emotional and visceral response to odors, and the pineal gland.
Epithalamus
an endocrine gland that may influence the onset of puberty
Pineal gland
most inferior part of the diencephalon
Hypothalamus
contains several small nuclei that are very important in maintaining homeostasis
Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus controls
body temperature, hunger, and thirst
sexual pleasure, rage, fear, and relaxation after a meal
The largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
the cerebrum is divided into
divided into left and right hemispheres
state all the types of lobes
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
important in the control of voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood, and olfactory reception.
Frontal lobe
sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, and balance)
Parietal lobe
receiving and perceiving visual input
Occipital lobe
olfactory (smell) and auditory (hearing) sensations and plays an important role in memory.
Temporal lobe
connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
Layers of Meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
most superficial and thickest of the meninges
dura mater
space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is the subdural space
arachnoid mater
second meningeal membrane
arachnoid mater
third meningeal membrane
pia mater
space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains blood vessels.
Subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal Fluid is produced by
choroid plexuses
provides a protective cushion around the CNS
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Blockage of the openings in the fourth ventricle or the cerebral aqueduct
Hydrocephalus
are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your brain; send electrical signals
CRANIAL NERVES
CRANIAL NERVES are designated by
designated by Roman numerals from I to XII
state the two general categories of cranial nerve function
Sensory
Motor
Sensory Functions
vision, touch and pain in the face.
State the motor functions
Somatic motor
Parasympathetic
innervate skeletal muscles in the head
and neck
Somatic Motor
innervate glands, smooth muscle throughout the body, and cardiac muscle of the heart.
Parasympathetic
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM is composed of
sympathetic division
parasympathetic division
“Rest-and-digest”; stimulates involuntary activities of the body at rest
“Fight-or-flight”; prepares the body for physical activity
sympathetic division
Autonomic Nervous System functions are largely controlled _____
unconsciously
