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Hap test 3 > Senses 10.1 > Flashcards

Senses 10.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Chemoreceptors detect chemicals in a solution- these might be chemicals dissolved in your salvia or in the mucus lining your nasal cavity. They may also be chemicals in your blood or other body fluids.

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2
Q

what do mechanoreceptors do?

A

mechanoreceptors detect pressure, vibration, and touch.

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3
Q

what do photoreceptors do?

A

Photoreceptros detect light.

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4
Q

Pain is detected by ________ -ceptors

A

nociceptros

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5
Q

Temperature is detected by _____ -receptros

A

thermoreceptors

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6
Q

exteroreceptors function and location:

A

exteroeceptors detect changes in the external environment and they are located on the body’s surface.

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7
Q

interoceptors functon and location:

A

detect stretch of hollow organs, detect touch, smell, pain, and light.
they are located inside the body

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8
Q

propioreceptors function and location:

A

detects the position of the body in space and maintains balance, is located in tendons, muscles, and joints.

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9
Q

where are photoreceptors found?

A

photoreceptors are found in the retinas of your eyes

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10
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

to convert stimulus into action potentials

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11
Q

how are sensory receptors classified?

A

They are classified based on their location

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12
Q

what is sensory reception?

A

sensory reception is converting stimuli into action potentials

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13
Q

what is sensory sensation?

A

sensory sensation is being aware that a change has happened in the external or internal environment

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14
Q

What is sensory perception?

A

sensory perception is interpretation based on memory or experience.

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15
Q

simple sensory receptors _____________________

A

provide general sensation

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16
Q

tactile sensation:

A

a combination of touch, pressure, stretch and vibration receptors

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17
Q

temperature detection

A

thermoreceptors

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18
Q

tactile sensation:

A

a combination of touch, pressure, stretch and vibration receptors.

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19
Q

temperature detection:

A

thermorecepors

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20
Q

pain

A

nociceptors

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21
Q

proprioceptors

A

detect stretch of muscles and tendons

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22
Q

simple receptors:

A
  • most receptors in the body
  • found throughout the body
  • monitors general sensory info
  • detects touch, pressure, pain, vibration
  • are modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons.
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23
Q

where is your olfactory epithelium located?

A

in the superior part of your nasal cavity between your eyes.

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24
Q

odorant particles dissolve in mucus lining the nasal cavity. They then ….

A

bind with receptors on olfactory cilia that extend from sensory neurons.

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25
Q

where is the olfactory cortex located?

A

in the temporal lobe

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26
Q

how do you smell and identify odours?

A

odourant particles dissolve in muscus lining the nasal cavity. They then bind with receptors on olfactory cilia that extend from sensory neurons. when an odourant molecule binds to its receptor, it causes an action potential to be created which causes the olfactory nerve to transport the action potential to the brain. olfactory signals are first sent the olfactory Cortex where you become aware that you have smelled something. They are then passed to the frontal lobe which identifies what you have smelled and the limbic system Interprets the smell using emotion and memories. It creates associations with the smell.

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27
Q

What are the structures and afferent pathways involved in your sense of smell?

A

the primary olfactory pathway, the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the olfactory bulb (OB), and the secondary olfactory pathway, the olfactory cortex (OC)

28
Q

most taste buds are located where?

A

on the sides of fungiform papillae

29
Q

external ear:

A
  • external auditory canal
  • funnels sound waves toward the tympanic membrane
  • auricle
30
Q

middle ear:

A
  • Ossicles
  • pharyngotympanic tube
  • tympanic membrane
  • amplifies sound waves and transmits them to middle ear.
31
Q

inner ear:

A
  • Cochlea
  • turns vibrations into action potentials
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
32
Q

the function of the pharyngotympanic tube is to:

A

equalise the air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane
(if the pressure on either side of the eardrum is different it will be stretched and this causes pain. this tube also drains sections or debris from the middle ear into the pharynx

33
Q

The cochlear nerve is part of the __________ cranial nerve

A

the 8th cranial nerve (VIII)

34
Q

transverse plane canal:

A

‘shaking you head to say no’
left + right rotations

35
Q

sagital plane canal:

A

‘nodding your head to say yes’
up and down movement

36
Q

frontal plane canal

A

‘moving your right ear to your right shoulder for example’
side to side movement

37
Q

hearing:

A
  • cochlea
  • oval window
  • organ of corti
  • cochlear nerve
38
Q

balance:

A
  • vestibular apparatus
  • semicircular canals
  • Utricle
  • saccule
39
Q

How is a sense of balance maintained?

A

head movements cause the endolymph in the semicircular canals to move. This bends the cupula. A gel like cone that is part of the Cristae ampullaris. When hair bundles embedded in the cupula are are also bent action potential are created. They are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cerebellum and brainstem. These action potentials help inform your brain about your heads position and help you to balance.

40
Q

function of the eyebrows and eyelashes?

A

they protect the eye by forming a physical barrier, preventing foreign objects from entering the eye. the eyelids also help spread tears over the eye for lubrication.

41
Q

what is the conjunctiva and its function?

A

the conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane which protects the sclera and inside of the eyelids. It does not cover the cornea.

42
Q

what is the upper and lower fornix and its functions?

A

the upper and lower fornix is the soft tissue between the conjunctiva lining the inside of the eyelid and the conjunctiva covering the eye. This tissue allows free movement of the eyelids.

43
Q

antibodies:

A

protects the eye from infection and allergens

44
Q

lysosome:

A

protects the eye surface from bacterial infection

45
Q

mucus:

A

moistens the eye surface, cleans the eye surface.

46
Q

intraoccular pressure” mean?

A

the pressure of the fluid inside your eye.

47
Q

rods:

A

respond to low light
provide night time and peripheral vision

48
Q

cones:

A

provide colour vision
responds to bright light

49
Q

What is the visual pathway from the retina to the primary visual cortex?

A

light passing into the eye through the cornea, pupil and then lens is bent so that the image that forms on the retina is upside down. It is converted into electrical signals by photoreceptors- rods and cones. The image of an object you are focussing on is directed on to the fovea centralised in the centre of the macula lute. These structures are formed by densely packed cones. Action potentials from the retina are transported to the brain through the optic nerve. they arrive first at the thalamus before being sent to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. Here the image is turned the right way round.

50
Q

What are the following visual processes: image formation on retina, refraction, convergence and accommodation?

A

are all involved in the formation of a clear image on the retina and the ability to see

51
Q

what is image formation?

A
52
Q

which nervous system structures are involved in the path of sensory reception?

A

the thalamus, the somatosensory cortex, and the parietal lobe

53
Q

which nervous system structure is involved in the path of sensory transmission?

A

afferent nerves - sensory nerves

54
Q

which nervous system structure is involved in the path of sensation?

A

primary sensory cortex

55
Q

which nervous system structure is involved in the path of perception?

A

sensory association area

56
Q

Hearing:

A

external auditory canal
ossicles
pinna
tymphanic membrane
cochlea

57
Q

balance

A

semicircular canals

58
Q

what do receptors do?

A

Receptors covert stimuli into action potentials that can be interpreted and responded to by the central nervous system.

59
Q

what is sensory reception?

A

Sensory reception is when changes in the environment are converted into action potentials

60
Q

What is sensory transmission?

A

Sensory transmission is when action potentials are carried through nerves from receptors to the central nervous system

61
Q

What is sensory sensation?

A

Sensory sensation is when action potentials arrive at the central nervous system and you become aware of a change in your environment

62
Q

What is sensory perception?

A

Sensory perception is when your brain makes meaning of changes that you have detected using memory and emotion

63
Q

olfactory receptor cells are:

A

bipolar

64
Q

olfactory receptors are:

A

chemoreceptors and exteroceptors

65
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Sensory receptors are specialised cells that take changes that occur in the environment and turn them into action potentials

Hap test 3 (6 decks)

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