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Hap test 3 > Microbiology A > Flashcards

Microbiology A Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four main types of microorganisims that are of concern to heath care professionals?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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2
Q

What does the word morbidity mean?

A

Morbidity is having a specific illness or condition. Usually it refers to a long term condition. - morbidity rate tell us how many people have it.

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3
Q

What does the word mortality mean?

A

Mortality is the number of people who have died from a specific condition.

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4
Q

what does the term transient mean?

A

a microorganism that is not usually found in/on the human body

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5
Q

Microorganism (microbe) definition:

A

an organism so small you need a microscope to see it.

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6
Q

Infection definition:

A

invasion of germs and growth in the body

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7
Q

Colonisation definition:

A

the presence of microorganisms on or in a host without causing disease or signs of infection

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8
Q

Antibiotic definition:

A

a drug used to treat infections by killing bacteria or preventing them from growing and multiplying

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9
Q

Contact definition:

A

touch. Contact of two bodies.

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10
Q

Transmission definition:

A

the transfer or spread of a disease or infection from one person or one group to another.

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11
Q

Transient defintion

A

something temporary or passing away in time.

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12
Q

virtually all living things can be divided into two major groups depending on their cell types, what are they:

A

the two cell types are called prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

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13
Q

what are some similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  • they have the cytoplasm (fluid inside the cell.
  • they have cell membrane
  • the have ribosomes (manufacture proteins
  • they have genetic information encoded by DNA
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14
Q

what makes prokaryotes different?

A
  • no nuclear membrane
  • no membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or Golgi bodies.
  • one single circular chromosome, sitting in the cytoplasm
  • cell division by a process called binary fission
  • always unicellular (one cell)
  • has a cell wall
  • some have additional features like flagella or capsule
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15
Q

which microorganism has a prokaryotic cell type?

A

bacteria

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16
Q

prokaryotes:

A
  • no nuclear membrane
  • bacteria
  • unicellular
  • divides by binary fission
  • no membrane-bound organelles.
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17
Q

eukaryotes:

A
  • has nucelar membrane
  • plants
  • divides by mitosis
  • humans
  • protozoa
  • has membrane bound-organelles.
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18
Q

describe binomial classification:

A

each organism is given a two-part name (binomial). The first word is the genus (category), and the second is the species.

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19
Q

bacteria that cause tuberculosis in humans

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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20
Q

bacteria that cause tuberculosis in cows:

A

Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis)

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21
Q

bacteria that cause leprosy in humans:

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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22
Q

Define nomenclature of microorganisms

A

the system of naming microorganisms and defining their characteristics so that microbiologists can communicate about them:

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23
Q

what is bacteria?

A

bacteria are structurally very simple cells (prokaryotes) with a complete absence of membrane-bound organelles.

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24
Q

Cell wall:

A
  • A rigid exterior wall to define the shape of the cell and give strength
  • Main component is a chemical unique to bacterial cells called peptidoglycan
  • Some antibiotics destroy the cell wall e.g penicillin
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25
Q

Nucleoid:

A
  • Bacterial cells don’t have a true nucleus
  • It is one coil of chromosome (DNA) and has no nuclear membrane
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26
Q

Cell membrane:

A
  • Selectively permeable and controls substances that may enter and leave the cell
27
Q

Cytoplasm:

A
  • Semi-liquid and consists of water, enzymes, essential nutrients and waste products
28
Q

Capsules:

A
  • Formed by some (not all) bacteria
  • Help bacteria to attach to smooth surfaces (such as teeth) and mucous membranes
  • Help prevent being digested by phagocytes (the host white blood cells)
29
Q

Flagella:

A
  • Thin threadlike structures on the outside of some bacteria which allow them to move (be motile).
30
Q

Endospores:

A
  • Some bacteria can form endospores as a means of survival in unfavourable conditions. They can lie dormant for long periods of time and are resistant to heat, chemicals, desiccation and disinfectants. Special mechanisms are required to kill them.
31
Q

Pili and Fimbriae:

A
  • Hair-like threads (much smaller than flagella) present of the surface of some bacteria
  • Enable bacteria to attach to each other and to mucous membranes
  • Can transfer genetic material from one bacterial cell to another (e.g coding for antibiotic resistance)
32
Q

what are the five factors that bacteria need for growth?

A
  1. temperature
  2. a suitable pH
  3. moisture
  4. nutrients
  5. atmosphere/
33
Q
  1. The name given to bacteria that prefer to grow at a temperature range of 20-40oC is:
A

Mesophiles

33
Q

FAT TOM:

A

Food: Bacteria need a constant source of nutrients. To culture bacteria in the lab, we need to provide the correct nutrients.
Acid: Bacteria of concern to humans grow best within a pH range of 6.6 - 7.5.
Temperature: Most bacteria of concern to humans grow at temperatures between 20 - 40oC.
Time: This is important in food safety, where food left out for long periods at room temperature can allow disease-causing organisms to grow.
Oxygen: Different bacteria have different oxygen requirements. The microbiology testing lab must take this into consideration.
Moisture: Water is essential for all living organisms, including bacteria.`

34
Q

what does Facultative Anaerobes describe?

A

Bacteria able to grow in the presence or absence of oxygen

34
Q

what does obligate anaerobes describe?

A

bacteria that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

34
Q

what does phsychrophilles describe?

A

bacteria able to grow at low temperatures.

34
Q

what does obligate aerobes describe?

A

olbligate aerobes

34
Q

what does thermophiles describe?

A

bacteria that is able to grow at very high temperatures.

35
Q
A
35
Q

culturing of specimens is carried out by appropriate methods according to:

A
  • the nature of the disease
  • the patients symptoms
  • the type of specimen
  • the likely microorganism present from that site.
35
Q

what is growth in bacteria represented by?

A

growth in bacteria is represented by an increase in the number of microorganisms, not their size.

36
Q

what happens when a bacterial cell reaches its optimum size?

A

it divides by binary fission into 2 daughter cells

37
Q

A group of bacteria that has grown as a visible ‘dot’ on an agar plate from one parent cell, and is visible to the naked eye, is called a:

A

colony

38
Q

what does microscopic morphology describe?

A

it describes the size, shape, and arrangement of bacteria.

39
Q

3 main bacterial shapes:

A
  1. Cocci (round, spherical shaped. sometimes in clusters or chains)
  2. bacilli (rod shaped)
  3. spirochetes/spirullus (spiral shaped)
40
Q

what are the two groups gram positive and gram negative based on?

A

the cell wall structure.

41
Q

The bacterial structure that dictates whether a bacterial cell will stain Gram positive or Gram negative is:

A

the cell wall.
The cell wall contains peptidoglycan. A thick cell wall will trap the crystal violet stain and the bacteria will show as Gram positive cocci (purple). Bacteria with a think cell wall will stain gram negative bacilli (pink) as the crystal violet is washed out and the counter stain is visible.

42
Q

Acute Lytic Infection:

A
  • a disease with well-defined, recognisable symtoms such as fever, skin eruptions ect.
  • the virus demonstrates the lytic cycle and the particles are released to infect neighbouring host cells producing typical disease symptoms.
43
Q

Sub-clinical infection:

A

no symptoms. (sometimes slight malaise or fever) but antibodies indicate that the person has been exposed to the virus.

44
Q

where do viruses replicate?

A

inside the host cell

45
Q

five ways a viral disease can be transmitted:

A
  1. in an aerosol
  2. body fluids
  3. insect vector
  4. fecal-oral route
  5. during pregnancy, a virus may pass from the mother to the fetus.
46
Q

prions are:

A

infected particles that have been implicated in some unusual transmissible neurodegenerative disorders. they only consist of proteins without any nucleic acid.
prions are very resistant to heat and disinfection so special sterilisation techniques have to be used.

47
Q

latent infections:

A

the virus remains latent (present but not active) and can be reactivated at a later stage.

48
Q

chronic infections:

A
  • the virus is always present and the virus is transmissible throughout the illness. the host often shows no symptoms.
49
Q

oncogenic infections:

A

the virus is always present and the virus is transmissible throughout the illness, host often shows no symptoms.

50
Q

what is fungi:

A

fungi is a large diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms. There are two major groups:
yeasts, and moulds.
most fungi can grow under conditions where bacteria is unable to thrive.

51
Q

moulds:

A

their growth consists of long filaments of hyphae. A mass of these hyphae is called a mycelium.

52
Q

protozoa:

A

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms and mostly found in water habitats. A few protozoa exist as parasites in animals (including humans) and insects.

53
Q

four types of protozoa:
(usually classified into groups based on their mode of movement)

A

flagella.
ciliate
amoeba
non-motile protozoa

54
Q

pathogen:

A

an organism able to produce a disease.

55
Q

resident flora/microbiota

A

the microorganisms that inhabit the human body without causing disease.

56
Q

transient flora:

A

microorganism which are found on the human body for only a short time. Are usually considered to be contaminants and can be removed by physical means such as hand washing. temporary bacteria.

57
Q

opportunistic infections:

A

infections caused by organisms that do not usually cause disease, but can become pathogenic under certain conditions, such as suppression of the immune system.

Hap test 3 (6 decks)

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