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Hap test 3 > Pharmacology A > Flashcards

Pharmacology A Flashcards

1
Q

prevention

A

stops something from happening

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2
Q

diagnosis

A

identifies the nature of an illness

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3
Q

mitigation

A

reduces the severity of an illness or its symptoms

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4
Q

treatment (cure)

A

relieves the symptoms of a disease

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5
Q

palliation

A

relieves symptoms or suffering caused by life-threatening illness

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6
Q

placebo

A

has no active properties, but causes relief of symptoms

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7
Q

replacement

A

supply of substance lacking or absent in the body

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8
Q

medicine:

A

a chemical that alters the function of the body in a beneficial way

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9
Q

pharmacological action/mechanism of action

A

how drugs change the function of cells/organs

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10
Q

therapeutic effect

A

the overall effect of a drug on the body

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11
Q

pharmacology

A

the uses, effects and mechanisms of action of drugs

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12
Q

What is a drug/medicine?

A

drugs are pharmacologically active substances​ (chemicals) that alter the function of the human body​. They are also known as medicines.

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13
Q

What are some examples of endogenous substances?

A
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14
Q

What are the primary and secondary effects of a drug?

A
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15
Q

What do the terms monopharmacy and polypharmacy mean?

A
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16
Q

Synthetic drugs include

A

Synthetic: completely man-made, e.g. aspirin, beta-blockers
Semi-synthetic: chemicals isolated from natural sources and then modified, e.g. insulin
Biological: made in living, genetically engineered cells, e.g. insulin, monoclonal antibodies

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17
Q

effervescent

A

fast release

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18
Q

controlled release

A

slow release

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19
Q

film coating

A

gastric release - active released in the stomach

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20
Q

enteric coating

A

duodenal relasese - active released in the duodenum

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21
Q

extended release

A

long acting

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22
Q

water, lozenge, pastille, chewable tablet

A

absorbed in the mouth - by the cheeks or under the tongue

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23
Q

What is a medicine’s formulation?

A
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24
Q

What are some considerations when formulating a medicine?

A
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25
Q

What are tablets, capsules, ointments, creams, lotions and powders?

A
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26
Q

How can different types of tablet and capsule control the release of drugs in the digestive tract?

A
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27
Q

In what ways do the different liquid drug forms differ?

A
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28
Q

In what ways do suspensions and solutions differ?

A
29
Q

What are some therapeutic uses of patches, implants and gases?

A
30
Q

What are enteral, parental and topical routes of administration?

A
31
Q

What are examples of enteral, parental and topical routes of administration?

A
32
Q

What factors should be considered when the route of administration of a drug is being considered?

A
33
Q

enteral:

A
  • oral
  • rectal
  • nasogastric
  • buccal
  • siblingual
34
Q

parenteral

A
  • injection
  • inhalation
  • nasal
  • subcutaneous
35
Q

topical

A
  • rectal
  • vaginal
  • inhalation
  • occular
  • transdermal
36
Q

What factors should be considered when the route of administration of a drug is being considered?

A
  • the physical characteristics of the drug - molecule size, chemical properties and form
  • the speed that the drug is released from its formulation and absorbed
  • whether the first-pass effect needs to be by-passed (see page 6)
  • where in the body a high concentration of the drug is to be attained
  • the accuracy of the dosage
  • the condition of the healthcare consumer
37
Q

oral:

A

medicine is taken directly into the digestive tract via the mouth

38
Q

rectal:

A

medicines are administered via anus into the rectum

39
Q

sublingual

A

medicines are placed under the tongue where they are absorbed

40
Q

nasogastric

A

a tube is used to introduce e medicine/food directly into the stomach via the nose

41
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A
42
Q

How does the first pass effect affect the concentration of a drug in the systemic circulation?

A
43
Q

Parenteral administration involves

A

pricking the skin with a needle and injection of a liquid via a syringe
introduction of an indwelling catheter
inhalation of a liquid, gas or powder

44
Q

intracardiac

A

into the heart

45
Q

subcutaneous

A

below the skin

46
Q

intramuscular

A

into the muscle

47
Q

intradermal

A

into the skin

48
Q

intrathecal

A

into the spinal canal

49
Q

intraoccular

A

into the eye

50
Q

In general terms, what are the topical and inhalation routes of drug administration?

A
51
Q

Which factors alter a drug’s penetration of the skin?

A
52
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of topical and inhalation drug administration?

A
53
Q

Class A drugs

A

drugs that pose a high risk, require approval for release: heroine, cocaine, LSD thalidomide

54
Q

Class B drugs

A

potential for abuse and addiction, high risk of causing harm: morphine, methadone, oxycodone.

55
Q

Class C drugs:

A

drugs that pose a moderate risk of causing harm, Codeine, benzodiazepines, cannabis.

56
Q

schedule 4 drugs

A

drugs that have limited potential to cause harm: pseudopedrine, Ephedrine

57
Q

what must a legal drug prescription have?

A
  • patient name and NHI number
  • date of prescription
  • prescribers name and address, signature (electronic prescriptions are allowed but must be prescribed later.
  • drug name, dose, route, interval.
58
Q

What are the three laws that govern the use and administration of medicine in New Zealand?

A
59
Q

Which health professionals can prescribe drugs in NewZealand?

A
  • doctors
  • nurses
  • dieticans
  • midwives
  • dentists
  • optometrists
  • pharmacists
60
Q

drugs are followed in the following ways:

A
  • legal classification
  • classification during pregnancy and lactation
  • routes of administration
  • form of drug
  • chemical classification
  • therapeutic class
  • generic name
  • pharmacological action
  • body system
61
Q

Category A drugs - regards to pregnancy

A
  • do not pose a risk of harm to a developing embryo/fetus
  • iron supplements
62
Q

category B + C drugs

A
  • relatively safe. Unlike to pose a risk to the developing embryo/foetus
  • penicillin
  • have not been extensively tested in pregnancy should be avoided.
63
Q

category D drugs:

A

have been show to cause harm to the developing embryo/foetus
- only used if the benefits to the mother outweigh the risk to the embryo/foetus

64
Q

Category X drugs:

A
  • prohibited in pregnancy
  • vitamin A
65
Q

In general terms, what is a drug’s therapeutic class?

A
66
Q

What are some examples of therapeutic drug classes and the medicinal indications for their use?

A
67
Q

what does a drugs pharmacological action describe?

A

a drugs pharmacological action describes exactly how the drug causes changes in the body. AKA the drugs mode or mechanism of action or pharmacodynamics

68
Q

what does calcium do when it enters muscle cells?

A

it causes them to contract, so calcium channel ‘blockers’ reduce the entry of calcium into muscle cells, thereby reducing their ability to contract.

69
Q

How would you distinguish between a drug’s trade name, generic name, therapeutic class and pharmacological action?

A

Hap test 3 (6 decks)

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