Pharmacology A

Question 1

prevention

Answer 1

stops something from happening

Question 2

diagnosis

Answer 2

identifies the nature of an illness

Question 3

mitigation

Answer 3

reduces the severity of an illness or its symptoms

Question 4

treatment (cure)

Answer 4

relieves the symptoms of a disease

Question 5

palliation

Answer 5

relieves symptoms or suffering caused by life-threatening illness

Question 6

placebo

Answer 6

has no active properties, but causes relief of symptoms

Question 7

replacement

Answer 7

supply of substance lacking or absent in the body

Question 8

medicine:

Answer 8

a chemical that alters the function of the body in a beneficial way

Question 9

pharmacological action/mechanism of action

Answer 9

how drugs change the function of cells/organs

Question 10

therapeutic effect

Answer 10

the overall effect of a drug on the body

Question 11

pharmacology

Answer 11

the uses, effects and mechanisms of action of drugs

Question 12

What is a drug/medicine?

Answer 12

drugs are pharmacologically active substances​ (chemicals) that alter the function of the human body​. They are also known as medicines.

Question 13

What are some examples of endogenous substances?

Question 14

What are the primary and secondary effects of a drug?

Question 15

What do the terms monopharmacy and polypharmacy mean?

Question 16

Synthetic drugs include

Answer 16

Synthetic: completely man-made, e.g. aspirin, beta-blockers
Semi-synthetic: chemicals isolated from natural sources and then modified, e.g. insulin
Biological: made in living, genetically engineered cells, e.g. insulin, monoclonal antibodies

Question 17

effervescent

Answer 17

fast release

Question 18

controlled release

Answer 18

slow release

Question 19

film coating

Answer 19

gastric release - active released in the stomach

Question 20

enteric coating

Answer 20

duodenal relasese - active released in the duodenum

Question 21

extended release

Answer 21

long acting

Question 22

water, lozenge, pastille, chewable tablet

Answer 22

absorbed in the mouth - by the cheeks or under the tongue

Question 23

What is a medicine’s formulation?

Question 24

What are some considerations when formulating a medicine?

Question 25

What are tablets, capsules, ointments, creams, lotions and powders?

Question 26

How can different types of tablet and capsule control the release of drugs in the digestive tract?

Question 27

In what ways do the different liquid drug forms differ?

Question 28

In what ways do suspensions and solutions differ?

Question 29

What are some therapeutic uses of patches, implants and gases?

Question 30

What are enteral, parental and topical routes of administration?

Question 31

What are examples of enteral, parental and topical routes of administration?

Question 32

What factors should be considered when the route of administration of a drug is being considered?

Question 33

enteral:

Answer 33

- oral - rectal - nasogastric - buccal - siblingual

Question 34

parenteral

Answer 34

- injection - inhalation - nasal - subcutaneous

Question 35

topical

Answer 35

- rectal - vaginal - inhalation - occular - transdermal

Question 36

What factors should be considered when the route of administration of a drug is being considered?

Answer 36

- the physical characteristics of the drug - molecule size, chemical properties and form - the speed that the drug is released from its formulation and absorbed - whether the first-pass effect needs to be by-passed (see page 6) - where in the body a high concentration of the drug is to be attained - the accuracy of the dosage - the condition of the healthcare consumer

Question 37

oral:

Answer 37

medicine is taken directly into the digestive tract via the mouth

Question 38

rectal:

Answer 38

medicines are administered via anus into the rectum

Question 39

sublingual

Answer 39

medicines are placed under the tongue where they are absorbed

Question 40

nasogastric

Answer 40

a tube is used to introduce e medicine/food directly into the stomach via the nose

Question 41

What is the first pass effect?

Question 42

How does the first pass effect affect the concentration of a drug in the systemic circulation?

Question 43

Parenteral administration involves

Answer 43

pricking the skin with a needle and injection of a liquid via a syringe introduction of an indwelling catheter inhalation of a liquid, gas or powder

Question 44

intracardiac

Answer 44

into the heart

Question 45

subcutaneous

Answer 45

below the skin

Question 46

intramuscular

Answer 46

into the muscle

Question 47

intradermal

Answer 47

into the skin

Question 48

intrathecal

Answer 48

into the spinal canal

Question 49

intraoccular

Answer 49

into the eye

Question 50

In general terms, what are the topical and inhalation routes of drug administration?

Question 51

Which factors alter a drug's penetration of the skin?

Question 52

What are some advantages and disadvantages of topical and inhalation drug administration?

Question 53

Class A drugs

Answer 53

drugs that pose a high risk, require approval for release: heroine, cocaine, LSD thalidomide

Question 54

Class B drugs

Answer 54

potential for abuse and addiction, high risk of causing harm: morphine, methadone, oxycodone.

Question 55

Class C drugs:

Answer 55

drugs that pose a moderate risk of causing harm, Codeine, benzodiazepines, cannabis.

Question 56

schedule 4 drugs

Answer 56

drugs that have limited potential to cause harm: pseudopedrine, Ephedrine

Question 57

what must a legal drug prescription have?

Answer 57

- patient name and NHI number - date of prescription - prescribers name and address, signature (electronic prescriptions are allowed but must be prescribed later. - drug name, dose, route, interval.

Question 58

What are the three laws that govern the use and administration of medicine in New Zealand?

Question 59

Which health professionals can prescribe drugs in NewZealand?

Answer 59

- doctors - nurses - dieticans - midwives - dentists - optometrists - pharmacists

Question 60

drugs are followed in the following ways:

Answer 60

- legal classification - classification during pregnancy and lactation - routes of administration - form of drug - chemical classification - therapeutic class - generic name - pharmacological action - body system

Question 61

Category A drugs - regards to pregnancy

Answer 61

- do not pose a risk of harm to a developing embryo/fetus - iron supplements

Question 62

category B + C drugs

Answer 62

- relatively safe. Unlike to pose a risk to the developing embryo/foetus - penicillin - have not been extensively tested in pregnancy should be avoided.

Question 63

category D drugs:

Answer 63

have been show to cause harm to the developing embryo/foetus - only used if the benefits to the mother outweigh the risk to the embryo/foetus

Question 64

Category X drugs:

Answer 64

- prohibited in pregnancy - vitamin A

Question 65

In general terms, what is a drug's therapeutic class?

Question 66

What are some examples of therapeutic drug classes and the medicinal indications for their use?

Question 67

what does a drugs pharmacological action describe?

Answer 67

a drugs pharmacological action describes exactly how the drug causes changes in the body. AKA the drugs mode or mechanism of action or pharmacodynamics

Question 68

what does calcium do when it enters muscle cells?

Answer 68

it causes them to contract, so calcium channel 'blockers' reduce the entry of calcium into muscle cells, thereby reducing their ability to contract.

Question 69

How would you distinguish between a drug's trade name, generic name, therapeutic class and pharmacological action?