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BMS 622 Exam 3 > - Sense RNA Viruses > Flashcards

- Sense RNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What type of genome characterizes -RNA viruses like Paramyxovirus, Orthomyxovirus, and Rhabdovirus?

A

Single-stranded, negative-sense RNA

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2
Q

Which structure surrounds the genome of Paramyxoviridae viruses?

A

An envelope surrounding a helical nucleocapsid

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3
Q

How does Paramyxovirus enter the host cell?

A

Through fusion with the host cell plasma membrane

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4
Q

What unique replication characteristic is associated with Orthomyxoviridae?

A

Genome replication occurs in the host cell nucleus

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5
Q

What enzyme is necessary for the transcription of negative-sense RNA to positive-sense RNA?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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6
Q

Which disease is commonly caused by Paramyxovirus?

A

Measles and mumps

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7
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for Paramyxoviruses?

A

Respiratory droplets

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8
Q

What immune evasion strategy is employed by Paramyxoviruses?

A

Formation of syncytia to avoid immune detection

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9
Q

Which diagnostic method is commonly used to identify Paramyxovirus infections?

A

PCR and antigen detection tests

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10
Q

Which antiviral drug class is used to treat some Orthomyxovirus infections?

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

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11
Q

What structure characterizes Rhabdoviruses like the rabies virus?

A

A bullet-shaped, enveloped virion with a helical capsid

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12
Q

How is rabies virus primarily transmitted?

A

Through animal bites and saliva

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13
Q

What tissue tropism is associated with rabies virus?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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14
Q

Which immune evasion technique is utilized by Rhabdoviruses?

A

Avoiding immune detection by rapid CNS entry

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15
Q

What diagnostic technique is critical for rabies identification postmortem?

A

Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing on brain tissue

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16
Q

What is the primary treatment/prevention method for rabies virus?

A

Post-exposure prophylaxis with rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin

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17
Q

What feature distinguishes Bunyaviridae’s genome?

A

Segmented, negative-sense RNA genome

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18
Q

What vector commonly transmits Bunyavirus?

A

Mosquitoes or other arthropods

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19
Q

Which disease is associated with Hantavirus, a Bunyavirus?

A

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

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20
Q

How does Arenavirus typically evade the immune system?

A

By establishing chronic infections with minimal host immune activation

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21
Q

What is a major disease associated with Arenavirus?

A

Lassa fever

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22
Q

How is Lassa virus transmitted to humans?

A

Through contact with rodent excreta

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23
Q

What is the typical clinical presentation for Lassa fever?

A

Fever, sore throat, and hemorrhagic symptoms

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24
Q

What type of immunity is critical in controlling Paramyxovirus infections?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action for neuraminidase inhibitors against Orthomyxovirus?

A

Blocking virus release from infected cells

26
Q

What is a defining feature of Arenaviruses’ genome?

A

Ambisense RNA segments

27
Q

How is Orthomyxovirus spread globally?

A

Through seasonal influenza epidemics

28
Q

What clinical tool is essential for diagnosing influenza caused by Orthomyxovirus?

A

Rapid antigen tests and RT-PCR

29
Q

How do Bunyaviruses affect the host’s cellular machinery?

A

By causing cell lysis and cytokine release

30
Q

What is a preventative strategy for Bunyavirus-related diseases?

A

Vector control and reducing exposure to known hosts

31
Q

How does Paramyxovirus cause cell damage in the respiratory tract?

A

By inducing syncytia formation, leading to cell fusion and damage

32
Q

What specific proteins are found on the surface of Orthomyxoviruses?

A

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)

33
Q

What distinguishes Orthomyxovirus from Paramyxovirus in terms of genome structure?

A

Orthomyxovirus has a segmented RNA genome, while Paramyxovirus has a non-segmented genome

34
Q

Which Paramyxovirus protein is critical for viral entry?

A

Fusion protein (F protein)

35
Q

What neurological disease can result from a measles virus complication?

A

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

36
Q

What seasonal pattern is commonly observed in influenza virus outbreaks?

A

Higher incidence in winter

37
Q

How does Rhabdovirus avoid antibody recognition during early infection?

A

By traveling via the peripheral nervous system to the CNS

38
Q

What immune response is primarily responsible for controlling rabies virus infection?

A

Neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination

39
Q

How is Bunyavirus replication uniquely adapted to arthropod hosts?

A

By replicating efficiently at lower temperatures found in ectothermic hosts

40
Q

What is a characteristic symptom of Rift Valley fever caused by Bunyavirus?

A

Hemorrhagic fever

41
Q

Which Arenavirus is known for causing hemorrhagic fever in South America?

A

Junin virus

42
Q

What cellular receptor does Lassa virus use for entry into human cells?

A

Alpha-dystroglycan

43
Q

How do Arenaviruses persist in their rodent hosts without causing severe disease?

A

Through co-evolution, minimizing host immune activation

44
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission for Hantavirus in humans?

A

Inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta

45
Q

Which symptom is a hallmark of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?

A

Severe respiratory distress

46
Q

How does Orthomyxovirus enter the host cell?

A

Via receptor-mediated endocytosis and fusion within the endosome

47
Q

Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm Hantavirus infection?

A

RT-PCR or serology for hantavirus antibodies

48
Q

What is the function of the viral polymerase complex in Orthomyxovirus?

A

Transcription of viral RNA into mRNA for protein synthesis

49
Q

What environmental condition inactivates most Arenaviruses?

A

Exposure to heat and detergents

50
Q

Why is early isolation important in managing Lassa fever outbreaks?

A

To prevent human-to-human transmission in healthcare settings

51
Q

What is the structural arrangement of the Rhabdovirus genome?

A

Linear, single-stranded negative-sense RNA

52
Q

What cell entry strategy is unique to Arenaviruses compared to other RNA viruses?

A

Utilizing a pH-dependent fusion mechanism in late endosomes

53
Q

How does immune modulation by Bunyaviruses contribute to pathogenesis?

A

Through cytokine release, leading to inflammation and tissue damage

54
Q

What is the role of hemagglutinin in influenza virus infection?

A

Binding to sialic acid receptors on host cells to initiate entry

55
Q

How does the immune system typically control Arenavirus infections?

A

By producing specific antibodies targeting viral proteins

56
Q

What clinical symptoms are most associated with measles virus infection?

A

Fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a characteristic rash

57
Q

What immune evasion strategy is employed by Orthomyxovirus to delay immune detection?

A

Antigenic shift and drift in surface proteins HA and NA

58
Q

Why are segmented genomes, like that of Bunyaviruses, advantageous for viral evolution?

A

They allow reassortment, leading to new viral strains

59
Q

How is the laboratory diagnosis of rabies confirmed in live patients?

A

Detection of rabies virus RNA or antibodies in saliva or cerebrospinal fluid

60
Q

What is the prevention strategy for measles in unvaccinated individuals exposed to the virus?

A

Administration of the measles vaccine or immune globulin post-exposure

BMS 622 Exam 3 (12 decks)

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