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BMS 622 Exam 3 > DNA Viruses > Flashcards

DNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What type of genome is found in Herpesviruses?

A

Double-stranded DNA, enveloped, icosadeltahedral capsid

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2
Q

Where does Herpesvirus replication and assembly occur?

A

In the nucleus, with DNA polymerase encoded by the virus

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3
Q

What type of infection can Herpesviruses establish aside from lytic infections?

A

Latent infections, often in neurons

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4
Q

What diseases are commonly caused by Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)?

A

Oral and genital herpes, encephalitis, and keratitis

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5
Q

How is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) primarily transmitted?

A

Through direct contact with infected secretions

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6
Q

Which immune evasion strategy is used by HSV to avoid antibody detection?

A

Cell-to-cell spread and formation of syncytia

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7
Q

What diagnostic methods are used for Herpesvirus infections?

A

PCR, serology, and Tzanck smear for multinucleated giant cells

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8
Q

What is the main treatment for HSV infections?

A

Antiviral drugs like acyclovir, targeting viral DNA polymerase

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9
Q

Describe the Poxvirus genome and structure.

A

Large, complex, double-stranded DNA with a brick-shaped envelope

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10
Q

Where does Poxvirus replicate in the host cell?

A

In the cytoplasm, using its own transcription machinery

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11
Q

What are the major diseases caused by Poxviruses?

A

Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum

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12
Q

How is Poxvirus typically transmitted?

A

Smallpox via respiratory droplets, others by direct contact

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13
Q

What immune evasion mechanisms are encoded by Poxviruses?

A

Multiple immune-modulating proteins such as virokines and virostealth proteins

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14
Q

How is Poxvirus infection diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs (pustular rash), PCR, and electron microscopy

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15
Q

What prevention method led to the eradication of smallpox?

A

Vaccination using a live vaccinia virus

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16
Q

What is the genome structure of Adenoviruses?

A

Linear double-stranded DNA with terminal proteins, non-enveloped

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17
Q

Describe the replication location and process of Adenoviruses.

A

Replicates in the nucleus with its own DNA polymerase; switches from early to late gene expression

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18
Q

What common diseases are associated with Adenovirus?

A

Respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, and gastroenteritis

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19
Q

How is Adenovirus primarily transmitted?

A

Through respiratory droplets, fecal matter, and fomites

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20
Q

How does Adenovirus evade the immune system?

A

By producing proteins that inhibit MHC class I antigen presentation

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21
Q

What are common diagnostic methods for Adenovirus?

A

PCR, antigen detection, and cell culture

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22
Q

Are there vaccines for Adenovirus?

A

Yes, live oral vaccines for military personnel against types 4 and 7

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23
Q

What is the structure of Papillomavirus?

A

Small, non-enveloped with circular double-stranded DNA in an icosahedral capsid

24
Q

How does Papillomavirus replicate in host cells?

A

Replicates in the nucleus, often utilizing host cell machinery to initiate DNA synthesis

25
Q

What are common diseases caused by Papillomavirus?

A

Warts, cervical cancer, and other epithelial cancers

26
Q

How is Papillomavirus typically transmitted?

A

Through direct contact, sexual contact, and from mother to newborn during delivery

27
Q

What immune evasion tactic is used by Papillomavirus?

A

Persistence in basal cells, avoiding immune detection

28
Q

How is HPV infection diagnosed?

A

Pap smear, PCR, and visualization of koilocytosis

29
Q

What vaccines are available for HPV?

A

Gardasil (covers types 6, 11, 16, 18) and Gardasil 9 (covers nine HPV types)

30
Q

How does HPV contribute to cancer development?

A

Integration of viral DNA disrupts regulatory genes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth

31
Q

Which Herpesviruses are known to cause latent infections in neurons?

A

HSV-1, HSV-2, and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

32
Q

What mechanism allows HSV to maintain latency in neurons?

A

Suppression of viral gene expression, remaining dormant in the neuron until reactivation

33
Q

How does Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) alter host cells during latency?

A

It immortalizes B cells, potentially leading to cancers like Burkitt’s lymphoma

34
Q

What unique feature allows Poxvirus to replicate in the cytoplasm?

A

It carries its own DNA and RNA polymerase, bypassing the need for nuclear replication

35
Q

Which Poxvirus protein assists in immune evasion?

A

Virokines, which mimic host cytokines to modulate immune responses

36
Q

What is the primary cause of Molluscum contagiosum?

A

Infection with a specific type of Poxvirus that affects skin

37
Q

How does Adenovirus affect host cellular machinery during infection?

A

It induces host DNA replication machinery and inhibits apoptosis to prolong cell life

38
Q

What part of the respiratory system does Adenovirus typically infect?

A

It primarily infects the respiratory epithelium, causing symptoms like pharyngitis

39
Q

What seasonal trend is often seen with Adenovirus infections?

A

Higher transmission rates in late winter and spring

40
Q

How does the E6 protein of high-risk HPV strains contribute to carcinogenesis?

A

It binds to p53, inhibiting its tumor-suppressor functions

41
Q

What is the effect of the HPV E7 protein in infected cells?

A

It binds to retinoblastoma protein (pRB), disrupting cell cycle regulation

42
Q

What immune response is essential for controlling Herpesvirus infections?

A

Cell-mediated immunity, particularly T cells

43
Q

What is the primary site of latency for Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)?

A

Sensory ganglia, where it can reactivate as shingles

44
Q

How does Cytomegalovirus (CMV) evade the immune system during latency?

A

By reducing MHC class I expression on infected cells

45
Q

Which diagnostic method is particularly useful for detecting CMV in immunocompromised patients?

A

Quantitative PCR to measure viral load

46
Q

What feature makes Poxviruses resistant to adverse environmental conditions?

A

Their complex, protein-rich envelope

47
Q

Which part of the immune system does the Adenovirus E3 protein inhibit?

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated apoptosis, aiding in immune evasion

48
Q

Which high-risk group is particularly susceptible to severe CMV infections?

A

Immunocompromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients

49
Q

What vaccination strategy is recommended to prevent HPV-related cancers?

A

Vaccination with Gardasil or Gardasil 9 before sexual activity

50
Q

How can EBV infection be diagnosed in the lab?

A

Detection of heterophile antibodies (Monospot test) or EBV-specific antibodies

51
Q

What antiviral is often used for the treatment of Poxvirus infections in special cases?

A

Cidofovir, an inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase

52
Q

What is the role of the HSV glycoprotein gB in infection?

A

It facilitates viral entry by binding to host cell receptors

53
Q

How do Papillomaviruses persist in the host without immune detection?

A

By maintaining low-level expression of viral proteins in basal epithelial cells

54
Q

How does the Adenovirus genome facilitate immune evasion?

A

By encoding E1A and E1B proteins to block interferon response and apoptosis

55
Q

What structural feature distinguishes Adenovirus from enveloped DNA viruses?

A

Its icosahedral, non-enveloped capsid, which makes it environmentally stable

BMS 622 Exam 3 (12 decks)

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