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BMS 622 Exam 3 > Lecture 17: Poxvirus, Picornavirus, Coronavirus - Chap 44, 46, 47 > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Poxvirus, Picornavirus, Coronavirus - Chap 44, 46, 47 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of genome do Poxviruses possess?

A

Linear double-stranded DNA

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2
Q

Describe the structure of Poxviruses.

A

Large, oval/brick-shaped with complex structure, containing core membrane, lateral bodies, surface tubules

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3
Q

Where does Poxvirus replication occur, and why is this unique?

A

In the cytoplasm, unique for a DNA virus because it must encode its own replication enzymes

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4
Q

What immune evasion strategies do Poxviruses use?

A

Virokines, viromimicry, virotransduction, and virostealth to evade immune responses

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5
Q

What diseases are caused by Poxviruses?

A

Smallpox, Molluscum contagiosum, Orf, and Monkeypox

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6
Q

How is Smallpox transmitted, and what are key symptoms?

A

Respiratory droplets; symptoms include fever, rash with pustules, malaise

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7
Q

Describe the lifecycle stages of Poxvirus replication.

A

Early gene transcription, DNA replication in inclusion bodies, late gene expression for structural proteins

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8
Q

Why was Smallpox eradication possible?

A

Human-only host, single serotype, consistent symptoms, effective vaccine

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9
Q

What is Molluscum contagiosum, and how is it transmitted?

A

A Poxvirus infection causing non-lytic papules; transmitted by contact

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10
Q

What type of genome do Picornaviruses have?

A

Single-stranded positive-sense RNA

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11
Q

Describe the Picornavirus structure.

A

Non-enveloped, icosahedral capsid; very small (~25-30 nm)

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12
Q

What is unique about Picornavirus replication?

A

RNA serves as mRNA, directly translated into a polyprotein, which is cleaved into functional proteins

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13
Q

What diseases are associated with Enteroviruses (a Picornavirus group)?

A

Poliomyelitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, viral meningitis

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14
Q

How does Poliovirus cause disease in the body?

A

Infects lymphoid tissue, spreads via viremia, and may affect the nervous system causing paralysis

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15
Q

Describe the immune response to Enteroviruses.

A

IgA provides mucosal protection; IgG prevents viremia, helping to control disease spread

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16
Q

How is Poliovirus controlled?

A

Through vaccination (IPV - inactivated, OPV - live oral vaccine)

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17
Q

What are the main transmission routes for Enteroviruses?

A

Fecal-oral, respiratory aerosols, and fomites

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18
Q

How is Enterovirus infection diagnosed?

A

PCR for viral RNA; culture from throat swabs or fecal samples

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19
Q

What structure gives Coronaviruses their name?

A

The crown-like spike (S) proteins on the viral envelope

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20
Q

Describe the genome type of Coronaviruses.

A

Single-stranded positive-sense RNA

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21
Q

Explain the two-phase replication process of Coronaviruses.

A

Early phase produces RNA polymerase; late phase generates structural proteins from a negative-sense RNA template

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22
Q

What role do spike proteins play in Coronavirus infections?

A

Allow binding to host receptors (e.g., ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2), facilitating entry into cells

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23
Q

What diseases are caused by Coronaviruses?

A

Common cold, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19

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24
Q

How does COVID-19 affect the body?

A

Causes respiratory issues, systemic inflammation, and may lead to severe complications like ARDS

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25
Q

What immune evasion mechanisms are used by Coronaviruses?

A

Several non-structural proteins (e.g., PLPro, NendoU) suppress immune signaling

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26
Q

How is COVID-19 primarily transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets, airborne particles, and contact with contaminated surfaces

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27
Q

What are common symptoms of COVID-19?

A

Fever, cough, fatigue, loss of taste/smell, shortness of breath

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28
Q

What high-risk groups are most affected by COVID-19?

A

Older adults and people with chronic conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity

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29
Q

How is COVID-19 diagnosed?

A

RT-PCR for viral RNA from nasal or throat swabs

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30
Q

What treatments are available for COVID-19?

A

Antivirals (e.g., remdesivir), supportive care, and vaccination

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31
Q

Describe control measures for COVID-19.

A

Vaccination, quarantine, mask-wearing, social distancing

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32
Q

How did SARS and MERS outbreaks inform COVID-19 response?

A

Highlighted zoonotic transmission, need for quarantine, and rapid vaccine development

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33
Q

What vaccination types are available for COVID-19?

A

mRNA vaccines (Pfizer, Moderna), viral vector vaccines (J&J)

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34
Q

Explain the significance of the Coronavirus envelope.

A

Protects RNA genome and enhances survival in the respiratory and GI tracts

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35
Q

What diagnostic tools are used for Poxvirus infections?

A

Serology, electron microscopy, PCR for viral DNA

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36
Q

What treatments are used for severe Poxvirus infections?

A

Vaccinia immune globulin, cidofovir for vaccinia complications

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37
Q

Question

A

Answer

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38
Q

Which virus is associated with warts and cervical cancer?

A

HPV (Human Papillomavirus)

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39
Q

What do HPV types 16 and 18 increase the risk of?

A

Cervical, anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers

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40
Q

How does HPV evade immune detection?

A

Hides from immune responses, allowing persistent infection

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41
Q

What cells does HPV primarily infect?

A

Epithelial cells of skin or mucous membranes

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42
Q

What are the key oncogenes in HPV that promote cell growth?

A

E6 and E7 proteins

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43
Q

How does HPV affect p53 and RB proteins?

A

Inactivates them to promote uncontrolled cell growth

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44
Q

What is the common symptom of HPV infection on the skin?

A

Benign warts

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45
Q

How is HPV commonly transmitted?

A

By direct or sexual contact, and fomites

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46
Q

Which method is used for HPV detection in clinical settings?

A

PCR genome analysis of cervical swabs

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47
Q

Which HPV types are targeted by available vaccines?

A

Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58

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48
Q

What virus is linked to Merkel cell carcinoma?

A

MCPyV (Merkel Cell Polyomavirus)

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49
Q

What disease does JCV cause in immunocompromised individuals?

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

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50
Q

How is JCV transmitted?

A

Inhalation or contact with contaminated water or saliva

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51
Q

What type of cells are affected in JCV-associated PML?

A

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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52
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of PML lesions?

A

Demyelination with large abnormal astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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53
Q

How is PML diagnosed in patients suspected of JCV infection?

A

PCR detection of viral DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and MRI/CT scans

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54
Q

What organ is primarily affected by BK virus in immunocompromised individuals?

A

Kidneys

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55
Q

How do polyomaviruses, such as BK virus, maintain persistent infection?

A

Establish latent infection in organs like kidneys and lungs

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56
Q

Which proteins do both HPV and polyomaviruses use to disrupt cell cycle regulation?

A

T antigen (in polyomaviruses) and E6/E7 proteins (in HPV)

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57
Q

What method is ineffective for polyomavirus control and treatment?

A

No effective mode of control is currently available

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58
Q

How does HPV tissue tropism vary by type?

A

Specific HPV types infect different tissues and determine disease manifestation

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59
Q

Which polyomavirus is commonly associated with kidney disease?

A

BK virus

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60
Q

What triggers reactivation of JCV and BK virus?

A

Immunocompromised state

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61
Q

Why are JCV infections usually asymptomatic in early life?

A

The virus remains latent and does not cause symptoms in healthy individuals

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62
Q

In which population are both HPV and polyomaviruses a significant health concern?

A

Immunocompromised individuals

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63
Q

What does CIN stand for in relation to HPV infection?

A

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

64
Q

How do HPV infections typically resolve?

A

Slowly and often spontaneously due to immune response

65
Q

What is the main transmission method for HPV laryngeal papillomas?

A

Passage through an infected birth canal (Types 6 and 11)

66
Q

How is HPV distributed worldwide?

A

Ubiquitously, with no seasonal incidence

67
Q

Why does JCV infection lead to progressive neurological symptoms?

A

Due to demyelination and damage to brain cells

68
Q

Which two types of polyomaviruses are specifically noted for opportunistic disease?

A

JCV and BK virus

69
Q

Why are warts common with HPV infection?

A

Caused by benign outgrowth of infected epithelial cells

70
Q

What demographic factor increases the risk of BK virus-related kidney disease?

A

Immunosuppression (e.g., transplant patients)

71
Q

What type of genome do papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses have?

A

DNA genome

72
Q

How would you describe the capsid structure of papillomaviruses?

A

Small, naked capsid

73
Q

What is the significance of a ‘naked capsid’ in virus structure?

A

Resistant to environmental stress, aids in transmission

74
Q

Which proteins are key for HPV’s ability to manipulate the host cell cycle?

A

E6 and E7 proteins

75
Q

What role does the T antigen play in polyomaviruses?

A

Inactivates p53 and RB to promote cell growth

76
Q

How does the HPV genome influence its tissue tropism?

A

Specific HPV types target different epithelial tissues

77
Q

Where does HPV persist in the body during infection?

A

Basal layer of skin or mucous membranes

78
Q

What is the genome type of polyomaviruses like JCV and BK?

A

DNA genome

79
Q

What is a key feature of the HPV genome in terms of immune evasion?

A

Remains hidden from immune system

80
Q

How does JCV affect the brain in immunocompromised patients?

A

Causes demyelination by damaging brain cells

81
Q

What is the structure of HPV genome?

A

Double-stranded circular DNA genome

82
Q

What HPV protein binds origin and helps increase transcription?

A

E1 protein

83
Q

Which HPV protein helps with the release of virions?

A

E4 protein

84
Q

Which protein is responsible for EGFR activation in HPV?

A

E5 protein

85
Q

What are the structural capsid proteins in HPV?

A

L1 and L2

86
Q

Describe the genome structure of adenovirus.

A

Linear double-stranded DNA

87
Q

What unique feature does adenovirus capsid have?

A

Icosahedral capsid with fibers at vertices

88
Q

What genome structure does parvovirus have?

A

Single-stranded linear DNA

89
Q

What key function does HPV’s E6 protein serve in oncogenesis?

A

Binds p53, activates telomerase, suppresses apoptosis

90
Q

How does E7 protein promote cancer in HPV?

A

Binds to p105RB, promoting cell cycle progression

91
Q

What proteins in polyomavirus help regulate early and late gene transcription?

A

Large T antigen

92
Q

Which polyomavirus protein is a major capsid and attachment protein?

A

VP1

93
Q

What is the main disease mechanism in parvovirus B19 infection?

A

Infects erythroid precursor cells, causing lytic infection

94
Q

What does CIN1 represent in HPV infection?

A

Mild changes affecting 1/3 of cervical layer

95
Q

Describe CIN2 in HPV infection.

A

Moderate changes affecting 2/3 of cervical layer

96
Q

What is CIN3 in HPV pathology?

A

Severe changes affecting full cervical layer, not yet cancer

97
Q

What is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

A

A JCV-caused demyelinating disease in immunocompromised individuals

98
Q

What condition can adenovirus cause in crowded environments like camps?

A

Pharyngoconjunctival fever

99
Q

How is HPV typically transmitted?

A

Direct and sexual contact, birth canal for types 6 and 11

100
Q

How is adenovirus transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets, fecal-oral route, contaminated surfaces

101
Q

What age group is most at risk for parvovirus B19?

A

Children in elementary school

102
Q

Which demographic is at risk for severe B19 complications?

A

Non-immune pregnant women and those with chronic anemia

103
Q

Who is at risk for PML with JCV reactivation?

A

Immunocompromised patients

104
Q

What age group is often affected by adenovirus in crowded settings?

A

Children under 14

105
Q

What diagnostic test is commonly used for HPV?

A

PCR genome analysis

106
Q

How is PML diagnosed in suspected JCV infection?

A

PCR on cerebrospinal fluid, MRI or CT for lesions

107
Q

What diagnostic method is used for adenovirus typing?

A

PCR of respiratory or fecal samples

108
Q

How is parvovirus B19 infection confirmed?

A

PCR or IgM antibody test

109
Q

What vaccine protects against multiple HPV types?

A

Gardasil 9

110
Q

What HPV types are included in Gardasil 9?

A

Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58

111
Q

Is there a vaccine for adenovirus?

A

Yes, for military use covering types 4 and 7

112
Q

How is parvovirus B19 infection typically controlled?

A

No specific treatment; managed with supportive care

113
Q

What type of immune response is crucial for clearing parvovirus B19?

A

Antibody response

114
Q

What is a control method for adenovirus in shared environments?

A

Good hygiene and disinfection of contaminated surfaces

115
Q

What are key poxvirus immune evasion proteins?

A

Virokines, Virostealth, and Virotransduction proteins

116
Q

What is the primary clinical difference between variola major and minor?

A

Variola major has >30% mortality, minor <5% mortality

117
Q

What was the key factor for smallpox eradication success?

A

Exclusive human host range, single serotype, effective vaccine

118
Q

What are risks associated with the smallpox vaccine?

A

Encephalitis, vaccinia necrosum, spread to contacts

119
Q

What is vaccinia immune globulin used for?

A

Treatment of severe vaccine complications like vaccinia necrosum

120
Q

What are the four stages of poliovirus infection outcomes?

A

Asymptomatic, abortive, non-paralytic, paralytic polio

121
Q

Which picornavirus receptor is known as the poliovirus receptor?

A

CD155

122
Q

What does CD155 receptor facilitate in poliovirus infection?

A

Adhesion and cell entry for viral replication

123
Q

How does ICAM-1 function in rhinovirus infection?

A

Acts as the primary receptor for rhinovirus attachment

124
Q

What is a major difference between live (OPV) and inactivated (IPV) polio vaccines?

A

OPV induces mucosal immunity; IPV induces systemic immunity

125
Q

What are the main structural proteins in coronaviruses?

A

Spike (S), Membrane (M), Envelope (E), Nucleocapsid (N)

126
Q

What are the two phases of coronavirus replication?

A

Early phase for RNA polymerase, late phase for structural proteins

127
Q

What symptom uniquely distinguishes COVID-19 from other coronaviruses?

A

Loss of taste and smell

128
Q

What proteins help coronaviruses evade immune response?

A

Non-structural proteins like PLPro and Mpro

129
Q

How does SARS-CoV differ from common coronaviruses?

A

Can replicate in lower respiratory tract causing severe infection

130
Q

What is the infectious dose of norovirus?

A

10-100 virions

131
Q

What environmental factors can norovirus resist?

A

Acid, detergents, drying

132
Q

What is the primary symptom of norovirus infection?

A

Gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea

133
Q

What is a key treatment method for norovirus dehydration?

A

Oral rehydration or IV fluids

134
Q

What kind of rashes can be caused by viral infections for diagnosis?

A

Maculopapular, petechiae, vesicular rashes

135
Q

How is norovirus typically diagnosed?

A

RT-PCR of stool samples

136
Q

What is unique about the poxvirus replication process?

A

Replicates in cytoplasm and requires virus-encoded RNA polymerase

137
Q

Why is cell-mediated immunity critical in resolving smallpox infection?

A

Necessary to eliminate infected cells and control systemic spread

138
Q

What enzyme assists in poxvirus uncoating?

A

Uncoatase

139
Q

Where does poxvirus assembly occur?

A

Guarnieri bodies (inclusion bodies) in the cytoplasm

140
Q

What is the function of the E1 matrix protein in coronavirus?

A

Helps in membrane assembly

141
Q

Describe the replication process of coronavirus in terms of genome translation phases.

A

Two phases: early (produces RNA polymerase L) and late (yields structural proteins)

142
Q

What immune evasion strategy involves mimicking host proteins in poxviruses?

A

Viromimicry

143
Q

Which coronavirus protein assists in evading host immune responses?

A

PLPro (papain-like protease)

144
Q

How does molluscum contagiosum evade the immune system?

A

Uses about 30% of its genome for immune evasion mechanisms

145
Q

What structural protein in poxvirus contributes to its dumbbell shape?

A

Lateral Bodies

146
Q

What are the primary structural proteins in picornavirus capsids?

A

VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4

147
Q

What is the role of the spike (S) protein in coronaviruses?

A

Attachment to host cell receptors and entry

148
Q

What is a unique feature of smallpox rash compared to chickenpox?

A

Smallpox rash erupts all at once

149
Q

What is a hallmark symptom of poliovirus-related paralytic polio?

A

Asymmetric flaccid paralysis without sensory loss

150
Q

Which coronavirus symptom is notably common in COVID-19 but rare in other coronaviruses?

A

Loss of taste and smell

151
Q

What are the main differences between OPV and IPV polio vaccines?

A

OPV is live oral; IPV is inactivated injected vaccine

152
Q

What antiviral is used in severe poxvirus complications like vaccinia necrosum?

A

Cidofovir

153
Q

What is the preferred vaccine for smallpox, and why?

A

Cowpox-derived vaccine (vaccinia) due to cross-protection and safety

154
Q

What diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm norovirus?

A

RT-PCR of stool samples

155
Q

What seasonality is associated with rhinovirus infections?

A

Common in early autumn and late spring

156
Q

How does poliovirus evade the acidic conditions of the digestive system?

A

Encased in a resistant icosahedral capsid

157
Q

What structural feature allows norovirus to persist in the environment?

A

Highly stable naked capsid resistant to detergents and drying

BMS 622 Exam 3 (12 decks)

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