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BMS 622 Exam 3 > + RNA Virus > Flashcards

+ RNA Virus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the genome structure of Togaviruses?

A

Single-stranded, positive-sense RNA; enveloped.

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2
Q

How does the Togavirus enter a host cell?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

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3
Q

What unique replication step do Togaviruses employ?

A

Synthesis of a subgenomic mRNA for structural proteins.

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4
Q

What diseases are associated with Togaviruses?

A

Rubella and various encephalitides.

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5
Q

Through which vector are Togaviruses often transmitted?

A

Mosquitoes.

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6
Q

How does Togavirus evade host immunity?

A

Modulates interferon response through viral proteins.

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7
Q

What is the structure of Flavivirus?

A

Enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus.

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8
Q

Describe the replication process of Flavivirus.

A

Endocytosis entry, cytoplasmic replication, single polyprotein production.

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9
Q

What diseases are caused by Flaviviruses?

A

Dengue, Zika, West Nile fever, Yellow fever, Hep C

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10
Q

What is the primary transmission mode for Flaviviruses?

A

Vector-borne, mainly via mosquitoes.

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11
Q

How does Flavivirus interact with the immune system?

A

Inhibits interferon response to prevent immune detection.

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12
Q

What are the structural features of Picornaviruses?

A

Naked, icosahedral capsid.

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13
Q

Describe the genome type of Picornaviruses.

A

Positive-sense single-stranded RNA.

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14
Q

How do Picornaviruses replicate?

A

RNA genome acts as mRNA; translated into a polyprotein.

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15
Q

Name common diseases caused by Picornaviruses.

A

Polio, Hepatitis A, common cold.

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16
Q

What is the primary route of Picornavirus transmission?

A

Fecal-oral route, especially for Enteroviruses.

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17
Q

How do Picornaviruses avoid the immune system?

A

They inhibit host cell mRNA translation selectively.

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18
Q

Describe the genome and structure of Coronaviruses.

A

Enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA.

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19
Q

How do Coronaviruses enter host cells?

A

Spike protein binding and membrane fusion.

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20
Q

What is a unique feature of Coronavirus replication?

A

Replication complex formation on double-membrane vesicles.

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21
Q

What diseases are associated with Coronaviruses?

A

SARS, MERS, COVID-19.

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22
Q

How are Coronaviruses primarily transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets.

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23
Q

How do Coronaviruses evade immune responses?

A

By delaying interferon responses and suppressing immune signaling.

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24
Q

What is distinctive about the Retrovirus genome?

A

Two copies of single-stranded positive RNA, reverse transcribed into DNA.

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25
Q

How do Retroviruses replicate?

A

Integrate DNA copy of RNA into host genome.

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26
Q

What major diseases are caused by Retroviruses?

A

HIV/AIDS, HTLV (cancers).

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27
Q

What is the primary transmission route for Retroviruses?

A

Blood, sexual contact, perinatal transmission.

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28
Q

Describe a major immune evasion tactic of HIV.

A

Frequent mutations in envelope proteins to escape antibodies.

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29
Q

What type of genome does the Norwalk virus have?

A

Non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA.

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30
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Norwalk virus.

A

Infects intestinal cells, causing gastroenteritis.

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31
Q

How is Norwalk virus primarily spread?

A

Fecal-oral route, through contaminated food or water.

32
Q

What immune response helps control Norwalk virus infection?

A

Mucosal immunity, particularly IgA.

33
Q

What is unique about the Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?

A

Non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus.

34
Q

How does HAV replicate?

A

Translated directly from RNA genome as mRNA.

35
Q

What disease does HAV cause?

A

Acute hepatitis.

36
Q

Describe the transmission method of HAV.

A

Fecal-oral, often through contaminated food or water.

37
Q

What immune response is effective against HAV?

A

Antibody-mediated neutralization after infection or vaccination.

38
Q

What is a common diagnostic method for these RNA viruses?

A

PCR, ELISA for antibodies or viral proteins.

39
Q

What prevention methods are effective for these viruses?

A

Vaccines and vector control for mosquito-borne viruses.

40
Q

How do antiviral drugs target RNA virus replication?

A

Inhibit enzymes like RNA polymerase or viral proteases.

41
Q

What surface protein is critical for Togavirus entry into cells?

A

E glycoprotein.

42
Q

What characteristic symptom does Rubella, a Togavirus infection, cause?

A

A red rash, often called ‘German measles’.

43
Q

What enzyme is essential for Flavivirus replication?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

44
Q

How do Flaviviruses modify the host cell during infection?

A

Reorganize cellular membranes to form replication complexes.

45
Q

What is a key immune evasion strategy used by Dengue virus?

A

Antibody-dependent enhancement.

46
Q

What structural feature allows Picornaviruses to be stable?

A

Non-enveloped, highly stable icosahedral capsid.

47
Q

What unique feature does Poliovirus have in its genome structure?

A

Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) for translation.

48
Q

How is immunity developed against Poliovirus?

A

Through oral or inactivated polio vaccines.

49
Q

What are common symptoms of Hepatitis A infection?

A

Jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain.

50
Q

How does Hepatitis A virus survive in the digestive tract?

A

Resistant capsid to acidic conditions and detergents.

51
Q

How does the Coronavirus spike protein contribute to infectivity?

A

Binds to ACE2 receptors to initiate entry.

52
Q

What is the role of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Coronavirus?

A

Synthesizes viral RNA in the cytoplasm.

53
Q

What are the main symptoms of COVID-19?

A

Fever, cough, difficulty breathing; severe cases can lead to pneumonia.

54
Q

How do current COVID-19 vaccines work?

A

Induce immunity to the spike protein of the virus.

55
Q

What is the hallmark feature of Retroviruses in their life cycle?

A

Reverse transcription of RNA into DNA.

56
Q

What cellular receptors are targeted by HIV for entry?

A

CD4 and co-receptors like CCR5 or CXCR4.

57
Q

How does HIV lead to immune suppression?

A

Targets and destroys CD4+ T cells.

58
Q

What is the main mode of transmission for Norwalk virus?

A

Direct person-to-person or contaminated food and water.

59
Q

What are the main symptoms of a Norwalk virus infection?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

60
Q

How does Norwalk virus evade the immune system?

A

Rapid mutation and infection of gut cells.

61
Q

What immune response helps control Hepatitis A infections?

A

IgM and IgG antibodies against the virus.

62
Q

How long does immunity from the Hepatitis A vaccine last?

A

Typically lifelong after two doses.

63
Q

What replication feature is unique to Retroviruses like HIV?

A

Integration of viral DNA into host genome.

64
Q

How is the Flavivirus envelope structured to evade immunity?

A

Uses glycosylated proteins that inhibit antibody binding.

65
Q

How is Hepatitis A diagnosed?

A

Detection of IgM antibodies via ELISA or serology.

66
Q

Which enzyme in Retroviruses is targeted by drugs like AZT?

A

Reverse transcriptase.

67
Q

What are the typical high-risk groups for Norwalk virus?

A

Elderly and immunocompromised individuals.

68
Q

How is immunity to Dengue virus complicated?

A

Antibody enhancement of disease severity with different serotypes.

69
Q

What type of vaccine is used for Rubella virus?

A

Live attenuated, part of MMR vaccine.

70
Q

What diagnostic method is commonly used for COVID-19?

A

RT-PCR for viral RNA detection in respiratory samples.

71
Q

How is the Flavivirus polyprotein processed?

A

By host and viral proteases into functional proteins.

72
Q

What is the significance of the “latent” stage in Retrovirus infection?

A

Virus integrates into host DNA, remains dormant until reactivated.

73
Q

What is one reason for the success of the Hepatitis A vaccine?

A

Only one serotype, making the vaccine highly effective.

74
Q

How does Togavirus mRNA translation occur in the host cell?

A

Viral RNA serves directly as mRNA for protein synthesis.

75
Q

What viral protein allows Coronaviruses to escape endosomes?

A

Spike (S) protein facilitates membrane fusion.

BMS 622 Exam 3 (12 decks)

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