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BMS 622 Exam 3 > Lecture 15: Reovirus, (Toga,Flavi), (Bunya, Arena) - Chap 51, 52, 53 > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Reovirus, (Toga,Flavi), (Bunya, Arena) - Chap 51, 52, 53 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the Reovirus genome?

A

Double-stranded RNA with 10-12 segments.

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2
Q

Which capsid protein in rotaviruses is a target for neutralizing antibodies?

A

VP4 and VP7.

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3
Q

How does rotavirus enter cells and initiate infection?

A

Through endocytosis or fusion after acid cleavage activates it in the stomach.

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4
Q

What are common symptoms of rotavirus infection in infants?

A

Watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration.

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5
Q

What is the function of the NSP4 protein in rotavirus?

A

Acts like a toxin, causing electrolyte loss and fluid imbalance.

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6
Q

How is Colorado Tick Fever Virus primarily transmitted?

A

By the wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni.

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7
Q

Which diagnostic method can confirm a rotavirus infection?

A

ELISA on stool samples or RT-PCR.

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8
Q

What is the genome structure of togaviruses and flaviviruses?

A

Single-stranded, positive-sense RNA.

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9
Q

Where do togaviruses and flaviviruses replicate in host cells?

A

Togaviruses at the plasma membrane; flaviviruses at intracellular membranes.

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10
Q

Which mosquitoes are main vectors for arboviruses?

A

Aedes and Culex mosquitoes.

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11
Q

What is the role of the polyprotein in flavivirus replication?

A

It is cleaved into structural and non-structural proteins needed for viral assembly.

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12
Q

What are common symptoms of Dengue Fever?

A

High fever, severe joint pain (‘breakbone fever’), and rash.

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13
Q

What complication can arise from a second dengue infection?

A

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever or Dengue Shock Syndrome.

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14
Q

How is West Nile Virus typically transmitted?

A

By mosquitoes, primarily Culex species.

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15
Q

What are common symptoms of West Nile Virus?

A

Flulike symptoms, sometimes progressing to encephalitis.

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16
Q

How is Yellow Fever controlled in endemic regions?

A

Vaccination with the live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine.

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17
Q

What is a significant birth defect risk associated with Zika virus?

A

Microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers.

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18
Q

How is Zika virus primarily spread?

A

Aedes mosquito bites and sexual transmission.

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19
Q

What unique feature do Bunyaviruses lack in their structure?

A

Matrix proteins.

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20
Q

How is Hantavirus transmitted to humans?

A

Inhalation of aerosols from rodent urine or feces.

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21
Q

What disease does Hantavirus cause in humans?

A

Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS).

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22
Q

What is the genome structure of arenaviruses?

A

Ambisense, segmented single-stranded RNA.

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23
Q

What is the primary vector for Lassa Fever?

A

Rodents, particularly Mastomys species.

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24
Q

Which arenavirus can cause hemorrhagic fever?

A

Lassa virus.

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25
Q

What are the main symptoms of Lassa Fever?

A

Fever, coagulopathy, hemorrhage, and shock.

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26
Q

What is the primary means of preventing Lassa Fever?

A

Controlling rodent populations and avoiding exposure to their excretions.

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27
Q

What virus is commonly found in blood cells and causes biphasic fever?

A

Colorado Tick Fever Virus.

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28
Q

Which bunyavirus commonly affects people in forested areas?

A

California Encephalitis Virus.

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29
Q

What does ‘arbovirus’ stand for?

A

Arthropod-borne virus.

30
Q

How does the immune response contribute to Dengue’s severity?

A

Non-neutralizing antibodies can enhance infection in a second exposure.

31
Q

What type of genome does Reovirus have?

A

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)

32
Q

Describe the capsid structure of Reoviruses.

A

Double-layered capsid with icosahedral symmetry

33
Q

How are Reoviruses resistant to environmental factors?

A

Resistant to acidic pH, detergents, and drying

34
Q

Where does Reovirus replication take place in the host cell?

A

Cytoplasm

35
Q

Outline the major steps in the Rotavirus lifecycle.

A

1) Activated in stomach, 2) Forms ISVP in acidic environment, 3) Enters small intestine, 4) Replicates in enterocytes, 5) New virions released by cell lysis

36
Q

What protein in Rotavirus acts as a toxin, leading to diarrhea?

A

NSP4 protein

37
Q

How does Rotavirus infection typically spread?

A

Fecal-oral route, possible respiratory route

38
Q

What key symptoms characterize Rotavirus infection?

A

Watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration

39
Q

What is the main treatment for severe dehydration caused by Rotavirus?

A

Oral rehydration therapy

40
Q

Describe the genome of Togaviruses.

A

Single-stranded, positive-sense RNA

41
Q

What is the replication site for Togaviruses?

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

How does Togavirus lifecycle proceed in early and late protein synthesis?

A

1) Early synthesis of nonstructural proteins, 2) Late synthesis of structural proteins

43
Q

Summarize the steps in Togavirus replication.

A

1) Entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis, 2) RNA released in cytoplasm, 3) Polyprotein cleaved into functional proteins, 4) Assembly at plasma membrane, 5) Budding and release

44
Q

How is Rubella, a Togavirus, different in transmission from other members?

A

Transmitted by respiratory route, not an arbovirus

45
Q

What are symptoms of Rubella infection?

A

Mild rash, fever, arthralgia; teratogenic effects in congenital infection

46
Q

Describe the structure of Flaviviruses.

A

Enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA

47
Q

Where do Flaviviruses replicate within the host cell?

A

Cytoplasm

48
Q

Explain the Flavivirus replication cycle.

A

1) Entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis, 2) Genome translated into polyprotein, 3) Polyprotein cleaved into functional proteins, 4) Assembly in endoplasmic reticulum, 5) Budding at intracellular membranes, 6) Release by exocytosis

49
Q

How do Flaviviruses evade the immune system?

A

Use Fc receptors on monocytes/macrophages for entry

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Dengue fever?

A

High fever, retroorbital pain, rash, severe joint pain (‘breakbone fever’)

51
Q

How is Dengue transmitted?

A

By Aedes mosquitoes

52
Q

What severe condition can occur with a secondary Dengue infection?

A

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)

53
Q

Describe the unique feature of the Bunyavirus genome.

A

Three segmented RNA strands (L, M, S) with pseudo-circular shape

54
Q

What is the typical site of Bunyavirus replication?

A

Cytoplasm

55
Q

Outline the Bunyavirus replication cycle.

A

1) Enters via receptor-mediated endocytosis, 2) Genome segments transcribed in cytoplasm, 3) Transcripts used for protein synthesis, 4) Assembly at Golgi apparatus, 5) Released by budding

56
Q

How are California Encephalitis and La Crosse viruses (Bunyaviruses) transmitted?

A

By Aedes mosquitoes

57
Q

What are common symptoms of La Crosse encephalitis?

A

Headache, fever, nausea, stiff neck, encephalitis

58
Q

What is the structure and genome of Arenaviruses?

A

Enveloped, ambisense single-stranded RNA with two segments

59
Q

Describe Arenavirus ribosomes’ unique role.

A

Host cell ribosomes are incorporated, giving virions a sandy appearance

60
Q

Explain the Arenavirus lifecycle.

A

1) Entry via endocytosis, 2) Ambisense RNA transcribed in cytoplasm, 3) Translation of proteins, 4) Assembly in cytoplasm, 5) Budding from plasma membrane

61
Q

What severe disease is caused by Lassa virus (Arenavirus)?

A

Lassa fever, characterized by fever, coagulopathy, visceral hemorrhage

62
Q

How are Lassa fever and other Arenaviruses primarily transmitted?

A

Via rodent urine/feces and aerosols from infected rodents

63
Q

What diagnostic test is used for Rotavirus detection in stool samples?

A

ELISA

64
Q

How is Colorado Tick Fever diagnosed?

A

Detection of virus in red blood cells (RBCs)

65
Q

How is La Crosse virus transmitted to humans?

A

Through the bite of Culex mosquitoes

66
Q

Describe the main mode of prevention for Dengue virus transmission.

A

Mosquito control, especially eliminating standing water

67
Q

What is the primary method for diagnosing Flavivirus infections like Dengue?

A

RT-PCR for viral RNA

68
Q

How can Rubella infection be confirmed, especially in pregnancy?

A

IgM antibody test

69
Q

What is the effect of congenital Rubella syndrome?

A

Birth defects, particularly with infection during the first trimester

70
Q

How do Arenaviruses avoid immune detection?

A

Limited cytolytic activity, persistent infection

BMS 622 Exam 3 (12 decks)

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