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Psych GRE > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

cornea

A

gathers & focuses incoming light

clear, domelike window in front of eye

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2
Q

pupil

A

hole in iris, contracts in bright light, expands in dim light to let more light in

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3
Q

iris

A

colored part; has involuntary muscles, controls size of pupil

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4
Q

lens

A

behind iris, helps control curvature of light coming in & can focus near or distant objects on retina

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5
Q

retina

A

screen filled with neural elements & blood vessels

  • very back of eye
  • image-detecting part
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6
Q

duplicity theory of vision

A

retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors

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7
Q

where is the blind spot in the eye?

A

where optic nerve leaves the eye; no photoreceptors here

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8
Q

cones

A

used for color vision & fine detail

  • most effective in bright light
  • chromatic & achromatic colors

both begin with c

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9
Q

rods

A 
function best in reduced illumination; allow perception only of achromatic colors
- low sensitivity to detail; not involved in color vision
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10
Q

fovea

A

contains only cones

so…visual acuity best here & fovea is most sensitive in normal daylight vision

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11
Q

are there more rods or cones in the eye?

A

rods

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12
Q

describe connection between receptors & optic nerve

A

rods & cones –> bipolar neurons –> ganglion cells

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13
Q

ganglion cells group together to form

A

optic nerve

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14
Q

neurons in the eye

A

horizontal, amacrine, bipolar, ganglion

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15
Q

optic chiasm

A

fibers from nasal half of retina cross paths; fibers not on nasal side DON’T cross paths

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16
Q

nasal fibers

A

fibers that cross at chiasm, closer to nose

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17
Q

temporal fibers

A

fibers on outside of eyes, don’t cross at chiasm

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18
Q

info from left visual field is processed in

A

right cerebral hemisphere

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19
Q

where does info go after the optic chiasm?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus –> visual cortex in occipital lobe –> superior colliculus

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20
Q

Hubel & Wiesel

A

feature detection theory

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21
Q

feature detection theory

A

certain cells in cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli

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22
Q

simple cell (feature detection)

A

responds to info about orientation

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23
Q

complex cell (feature detection)

A

responds to info about movement

24
Q

hypercomplex (feature detection)

A

responds to info about shape

25
Q

illumination

A

physical, objective measurement that is simply amount of light falling on surface

26
Q

brightness

A

subjective impression of intensity of light stimulus

27
Q

dark adaptation

A

when you first walk into theater, it’s dark, and you adapt to dark light

caused by regeneration of rhodopsin

28
Q

rhodopsin

A

photochemical in rods; decomposes when molecule absorbs photon of light

29
Q

what is rhodopsin made of?

A

retinal & opsin

30
Q

simultaneous brightness contrast

A

target area of particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by darker stimulus than when surrounded by lighter stimulus

31
Q

lateral inhibition

A

adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another; sharpens & highlights borders between light & dark areas

32
Q

color perception

A

related to wavelength of light entering eye

33
Q

subtractive color mixture

A

happens when you mix pigments

34
Q

additive color mixing

A

has to do with lights

primary colors: blue, green, red (NOT yellow)

35
Q

Young-Helmhotz / trichromatic theory

A

3 types of color receptors: red, blue, green

correct

36
Q

Hering / opponent process theory

A

3 opposing pairs: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white

incorrect, but does apply to LGN cells

37
Q

afterimage

A

visual sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to stimulus

  • used to support Hering’s theory
38
Q

interposition / overlap

A

one object (A) covers or overlaps with object (B)

39
Q

relative size

A

as an object gets farther away, its image on the retina gets smaller

40
Q

linear perspecive

A

convergence of parallel lines in the distance

lines that are actually parallel appear to converge

41
Q

texture gradients

A

variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer

  • more distant parts of scene appear to have smaller, more densely packed elements
42
Q

motion parallax

A

when observer moves, objects in a stationary environment appear to move relative to distance from observer

43
Q

kinetic depth effect

A

when object rather than perceiver moves, motion of that object gives us cues about relative depth of parts of object

44
Q

binocular disparity / stereopsis

A

each eye sees slightly different scene; when brain combines scenes, we get a perception of depth

45
Q

binocular depth clue

A

requires use of two eyes

46
Q

monocular depth clue

A

requires use of one eye

47
Q

binocular parallax

A

degree of disparity between retinal images of eyes due to slight differences in horizontal position

48
Q

figure

A

integrated visual experience that stands out at center of attention

49
Q

ground

A

background against which figure appears

50
Q

law of priximity

A

elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

51
Q

law of similarity

A

objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

52
Q

law of good continuation

A

elements that appear to follow in the same direction tend to be grouped together

53
Q

subjective contours

A

tendency to see incomplete figures as complete

54
Q

law of pragnanz

A

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible

55
Q

theory of isomorphism (Kohler)

A

one-to-one correspondence between object in perceptual field & pattern of stimulation in brain

Psych GRE (8 decks)

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