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Psych GRE > Learning & Ethology > Flashcards

Learning & Ethology Flashcards

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1
Q

reflex

A

unlearned response elicited by a specific stimulus

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2
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that can reflexively elicit a response

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3
Q

unconditioned response

A

response reflexively elicited by an unconditional stimulus

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4
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that, after conditioning, is able to elicit a nonreflexsive response

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5
Q

conditioned response

A

response that, after conditioning, is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

acquisition

A

period during which an organism is learning the association of the stimuli

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7
Q

extinction in classical conditioning

A

unlearning classical conditioning by not reinforcing conditioned behavior

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8
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

after period of rest after extinction, a weak conditioned response can occur

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9
Q

generalization

A

tendency for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit conditioned response

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10
Q

forward conditioning

A

presenting unconditioned stimulus after conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

backward conditioning

A

presenting conditioned stimulus after unconditioned stimulus (generally unsuccessful)

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12
Q

second-order conditioning

A

CS, UCS –> neutral, CS –> neutral

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13
Q

sensory preconditioning

A

neutral 1, neutral 2 –> neutral 2 (becomes CS), UCS –> neutral 1

neutral 1 will elicit salivation even though it was never directly paired with food (UCS)

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14
Q

contingency explanation of classical conditioning

A

classical conditioning is a matter of learned signals for the UCS

  • CS is a good signal for UCS
    (Robert Rescorla)
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15
Q

blocking

A

conditioned stimulus is a good signal for unconditioned stimulus & provides nonredundant information about the occurrence of the UCs

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16
Q

contiguity

A

CS and UCS are contiguous (near) in time

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17
Q

operant conditioning

A

reward learning; based on learning the relationship between one’s actions & their consequences

(instrumental conditioning)

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18
Q

law of effect

A

if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future

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19
Q

positive reinforcement

A

behavior is rewarded

increases probability of response

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20
Q

2 types of negative reinforcement

A
  1. escape

2. avoidance

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21
Q

escape

A

type of negative reinforcement; behavior removes something undesirable

(increases probability of response)

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22
Q

avoidance

A

type of negative reinforcement; behavior avoids something undesirable

(increases probability of response)

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23
Q

punishment

A

behavior causes something undesirable

decreases probability of response

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24
Q

extinction in operant conditioning

A

behavior that used to bring reward no longer does so

decreases probability of response

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25
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimulus condition that indicates that organism’s behavior will have consequences

(pigeon only gets food when light is on)

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26
Q

generalization in operant conditioning

A

if you train an animal to peck when green light is on, after training, the animal will peck also when similarly colored lights are on. the more similar to green, the more it will peck

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27
Q

partial reinforcement effect

A

it takes longer to extinguish lever press for rat who acquired the response while receiving only occasional reinforcement

Ex: gambling: once you start gambling, it’s hard to stop even though your behavior is reinforced by only an occasional win

28
Q

4 types of partial reinforcement

A
  1. fixed-ratio (FR)
  2. variable-ratio (VR)
  3. fixed-interval (FI)
  4. variable interval (VI)
29
Q

fixed-ratio

A

behavior reinforced after a fixed number of responses

30
Q

variable-ratio

A

behavior reinforced after a varying number of responses

31
Q

fixed-interval

A

behavior reinforced for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement

32
Q

variable-interval

A

behavior reinforced for first response after varying period has elapsed since last reinforcement

33
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

A

animal reinforced for every response

34
Q

which partial reinforcement method is most resistant to extinction?

A

VR (variable ratio)

very resistant
(very rapid) most rapid response rate

35
Q

shaping

A

reinforce desired response while extinguishing others

step by step. dog fetching slippers

36
Q

another name for shaping

A

differential reinforcement

37
Q

behavior therapies

A

psychotherapies based on conditioning models

38
Q

flooding therapy

A

forcing client to directly experience feared object (CS)

39
Q

implosion

A

forcing client to imagine feared object (CS)

40
Q

systematic desensitization

A

forcing client to imagine feared object (CS) while trying to ensure that the client stays relaxed by using deep relaxation & an anxiety hierarchy

41
Q

conditioned aversion

A

pairing a desired conditioned stimulus with an aversive UCS

42
Q

contingency management

A

therapy based on operant conditioning

  • try to change client’s behavior by altering the consequences of the behavior
43
Q

behavioral contract

A

written agreement that states the consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts

44
Q

time-out

A

removing the client from the potentially reinforcing situation before he can receive reinforcement for the undesirable behavior

45
Q

token economies

A

given for desirable behaviors & taken away for various undesirable behaviors

46
Q

premack principle

A

using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity

“you can play after you study” (using playing to reinforce studying)

47
Q

Thorndike thought puzzle solving was explained by

A

law of effect (conditioning)

48
Q

Kohler thought animals could solve puzzles by using

A

insight

49
Q

cognitive map

A

mental representation of a physical space

  • rats can make map of maze to figure way out after initial way is blocked
50
Q

biological constraint

A

different species have different inborn predispositions to learn different things in different ways

  • affects both classical and operant conditioning
51
Q

garcia effect

A

example of biological constraint on learning

animals innately associate something they eat with illness even if this food is given to them with red light. they won’t avoid the red light. conditioning doesn’t always work

52
Q

preparedness

A

rats had in-born tendency to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences

53
Q

instinctual drift

A

instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning

54
Q

ethology

A

study of animal behavior under natural conditions

55
Q

species-species / species-typical behaviors

A

behaviors that are characteristic of a particular species; tend to be instinctual

56
Q

fixed-action pattern (FAP)

A

stereotyped behavior sequence that doesn’t have to be learned by the animal

57
Q

sign stimuli

A

features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular FAP

58
Q

releaser

A

sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors between animals

59
Q

supernormal stimulus

A

model more effective at triggering FAP than actual sign stimulus found in nature

60
Q

innate releasing mechanism (IRM)

A

a mechanism in the animal’s nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct FAPs

61
Q

reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

behaviors that prevent animals of one species from attempting to mate with animals of a closely related species

62
Q

natural selection

A

Darwin and shit

63
Q

reproductive fitness

A

number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce

64
Q

altruism

A

an action that increases the reproductive fitness of other members of the species while decreasing your own

65
Q

theory of kin selection

A

animals act to increase their inclusive fitness rather than reproductive fitness

66
Q

inclusive fitness

A

takes into account number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce & the number of other relatives who live to reproductive age

67
Q

sociobiology

A

goal: test hypotheses about the effect of social behavior on fitness

Psych GRE (8 decks)

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