Developmental Psych Flashcards
Klinefelter’s syndrome
extra X chromosome in males; XXY; sterile; often mental retardation
Turner’s syndrome
females w/ 1 X chromosome; physical abnormalities
PKU (phenyletonuria)
degenerative disease of nervous system; lack enzyme needed to digest amino acid found in milk
down’s syndrome
extra 21st chromosome
where does conception happen?
in the fallopian tubes
what combines to form zygote?
gametes
zygote
single cell formed after sperm cell fertilizes egg
germinal period
fertilized egg travels down fallopian tube & is implanted into uterine wall
embryonic period
8 weeks later; embryo increases in size by 2 million percent
fetal period
3rd month; measurable electrical activity in brain
external threats to prenatal development
if mother gets rubella, viral infection, drugs, x-rays, smoking, malnutrition
rooting reflex
turn heads in direction of stimuli applied to cheak
moro reflex
react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out arms, extending fingers, bringing arms back to body, then hugging themselves
babinski reflex
toes spread apart when soles of feet are stimulated
grasping
close fingers around objects placed in hands
schema
behavioral action tendencies; repeated experiences
assimilation
process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata
accommodation
new information doesn’t really fit into existing schemata; modifying existing schemata to adapt to new info
what are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor stage
birth –> 2
- object permanence
- infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement
preoperational stage
2 –> 7
- not mastered conversation
- centration
- egocentrism
- conservation
centration
tendency to be able to focus on 1 aspect of phenomenon
egocentrism
can’t take perspectives of other people
conservation
notion that physical properties of matter don’t change b/c appearance of matter changes (ex: beakers)
concrete operational stage
7 –> 11
- have conservation
- difficulty w/ abstract thought
formal operational
can “think like a scientist”
phonology
sound stem of language; children learn to produce & recognize sounds
categorical perception
ability to distinguish between differences in sound that don’t denote differences in meaning
semantics
learning word meanings
syntax
how words are put together to form sentences
pragmatics
efficient use of language
babbling
spontaneous babbling during first year
errors of growth
overregulation; grammatical errors increase
when do kids start combining words?
18-20 months
Genie
isolated from human contact from age 2 to 13
- mastered some syntax
- language has a “sensitive period”
transformational grammar
changes in word order that differ with meaning
- they learn this at an early age; it must be innate
Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
oral stage
libidinal energy centered on mouth
anal stage
toilet training; excessive orderliness or messiness
phallic stage
oedipal conflict resolved here
latency stage
libido sublimated
genital stage
puberty & onwards;
person enters into normal heterosexual relations if previous stage resolved
oedipal conflict
male child envies father. wishes to eliminate father & possess mother, but feels guilty about his wishes
Erik Erikson’s theory
development is a sequence of central life crises
trust versus mistrust
child trusts environment / child suspicious of world
autonomy versus shame and doubt
feeling of will / sense of doubt & lack of control
initiative versus guilt
purpose, ability to initiate activities / child overcome by year of punishment
industry versus inferiority
child feels competent / sense of inadequacy
identity versus role confusion
fidelity, ability to see oneself as unique / identity confusion
intimacy versus isolation
ability to have intimate relationships / avoidance of commitment
generativity versus stagnation
productive / sense of stagnation, self-indulgent
integrity versus despair
wisdom, detached concern in life itself, ready for death / bitterness about life, fear over impending death
3 child research methods
- parental reports
- observations in naturalistic setting
- observations in lab
Wolff’s 3 types of crying
- basic (hunger)
- angry (frustration)
- pain
social smiling
smiling associated w/ facelike patterns
fear response
follows developmental trajectory
- change in stimulation –> separation anxiety –> sudden absence of mother
Harry Harlow’s finding
contact comfort more essential in bond formation than providing for physical needs
“strange situation procedure”
Mary Ainsworth: mom & infant enter room w/ toys, mom & stranger go in and out
3 types of basic infant attachment behavior
- insecure / avoidant attachment (Type A)
- secure attachment (Type B)
- insecure / resistant attachment (Type C)
insecure / avoidant attachment
not distressed when left w/ stranger; avoids contact with mom when she comes back
secure attachment
mildly distressed when separated from mom; greet her positively when she returns
insecure/resistant attachment
distressed during separation & inclined to resist physical contact w/ mom upon her return
imprinting
rapid formation of attachment bond
Lawrence Kolberg’s 3 stages of morality
- preconventional morality
- conventional phase of morality
- postconventional morality
preconventional morality
right & wrong defined by hedonistic consequences of given action; “I’ll scratch your back, you scratch mine”
conventional morality
based on social rules; morality defined by rules of authority; looking for approval of others
postconventional morality
moral rules seen as convention designed to ensure the greater good
the Heinz Dilemma
is it cool to steal a drug that would save your wife’s life from drug-maker who is over-pricing it if you don’t have enough money to pay
Heinz Dilemma kid reactions
stage 2: not nice to steal
stage 3: not nice to let your wife die
Carol Gilligan
males & females adopt different perspectives on moral issues; Kholberg’s research was only done on males
Kohlberg’s Gender Stages
- gender labeling
- gender stability
- gender consistency
gender labeling
achieve gender identity (2-3 yrs)
- realize they’re a boy or girl & can label
gender stability
can predict they will still be boy or girl when grow up (3-4 yrs)
gender consistency
children understand permanency of gender, regardless of what they wear or how they behave (4-7 yrs)
gender schematic processing theory
as soon as children are able to label themselves, they begin concentrating on those behaviors that seem associated w/ their gender & paying less attention to those they believe are associated w/ the opposite gender
Baumrind’s parenting styles
- authoritarian
- authoritative
- permissive
authoritarian parenting style
tend to use punitive control methods & lack emotional wrath
authoritative
high demands for child compliance (score low on punitive control methods)
permissive
score low on control / demand measures
longitudinal study
same group over time
cross-sectional study
3 groups at once
sequential cohort
3 groups over time
gene
basic unit of heredity
allele
alternative form of gene controlling each trait
each gene has ____ alleles
2
genotype
genetic makeup
phenotype
total collection of expressed traits
chromosomes
where genes are located
nucleus of each cell has ____ pairs of chromosomes
23
gametes are _____ cells
haploid
nucleus of our cells are _____
diploid
monozygotic
twins share 100% of genes
dizygotic
share 50% of genes
