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Psych GRE > Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Developmental Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

extra X chromosome in males; XXY; sterile; often mental retardation

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2
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

females w/ 1 X chromosome; physical abnormalities

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3
Q

PKU (phenyletonuria)

A

degenerative disease of nervous system; lack enzyme needed to digest amino acid found in milk

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4
Q

down’s syndrome

A

extra 21st chromosome

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5
Q

where does conception happen?

A

in the fallopian tubes

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6
Q

what combines to form zygote?

A

gametes

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7
Q

zygote

A

single cell formed after sperm cell fertilizes egg

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8
Q

germinal period

A

fertilized egg travels down fallopian tube & is implanted into uterine wall

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9
Q

embryonic period

A

8 weeks later; embryo increases in size by 2 million percent

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10
Q

fetal period

A

3rd month; measurable electrical activity in brain

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11
Q

external threats to prenatal development

A

if mother gets rubella, viral infection, drugs, x-rays, smoking, malnutrition

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12
Q

rooting reflex

A

turn heads in direction of stimuli applied to cheak

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13
Q

moro reflex

A

react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out arms, extending fingers, bringing arms back to body, then hugging themselves

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14
Q

babinski reflex

A

toes spread apart when soles of feet are stimulated

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15
Q

grasping

A

close fingers around objects placed in hands

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16
Q

schema

A

behavioral action tendencies; repeated experiences

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17
Q

assimilation

A

process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata

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18
Q

accommodation

A

new information doesn’t really fit into existing schemata; modifying existing schemata to adapt to new info

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19
Q

what are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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20
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth –> 2

  • object permanence
  • infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement
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21
Q

preoperational stage

A

2 –> 7

  • not mastered conversation
  • centration
  • egocentrism
  • conservation
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22
Q

centration

A

tendency to be able to focus on 1 aspect of phenomenon

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23
Q

egocentrism

A

can’t take perspectives of other people

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24
Q

conservation

A

notion that physical properties of matter don’t change b/c appearance of matter changes (ex: beakers)

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25
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7 –> 11

  • have conservation
  • difficulty w/ abstract thought
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26
Q

formal operational

A

can “think like a scientist”

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27
Q

phonology

A

sound stem of language; children learn to produce & recognize sounds

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28
Q

categorical perception

A

ability to distinguish between differences in sound that don’t denote differences in meaning

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29
Q

semantics

A

learning word meanings

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30
Q

syntax

A

how words are put together to form sentences

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31
Q

pragmatics

A

efficient use of language

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32
Q

babbling

A

spontaneous babbling during first year

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33
Q

errors of growth

A

overregulation; grammatical errors increase

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34
Q

when do kids start combining words?

A

18-20 months

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35
Q

Genie

A

isolated from human contact from age 2 to 13

  • mastered some syntax
  • language has a “sensitive period”
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36
Q

transformational grammar

A

changes in word order that differ with meaning

- they learn this at an early age; it must be innate

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37
Q

Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development

A
  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phallic
  4. latency
  5. genital
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38
Q

oral stage

A

libidinal energy centered on mouth

39
Q

anal stage

A

toilet training; excessive orderliness or messiness

40
Q

phallic stage

A

oedipal conflict resolved here

41
Q

latency stage

A

libido sublimated

42
Q

genital stage

A

puberty & onwards;

person enters into normal heterosexual relations if previous stage resolved

43
Q

oedipal conflict

A

male child envies father. wishes to eliminate father & possess mother, but feels guilty about his wishes

44
Q

Erik Erikson’s theory

A

development is a sequence of central life crises

45
Q

trust versus mistrust

A

child trusts environment / child suspicious of world

46
Q

autonomy versus shame and doubt

A

feeling of will / sense of doubt & lack of control

47
Q

initiative versus guilt

A

purpose, ability to initiate activities / child overcome by year of punishment

48
Q

industry versus inferiority

A

child feels competent / sense of inadequacy

49
Q

identity versus role confusion

A

fidelity, ability to see oneself as unique / identity confusion

50
Q

intimacy versus isolation

A

ability to have intimate relationships / avoidance of commitment

51
Q

generativity versus stagnation

A

productive / sense of stagnation, self-indulgent

52
Q

integrity versus despair

A

wisdom, detached concern in life itself, ready for death / bitterness about life, fear over impending death

53
Q

3 child research methods

A
  1. parental reports
  2. observations in naturalistic setting
  3. observations in lab
54
Q

Wolff’s 3 types of crying

A
  1. basic (hunger)
  2. angry (frustration)
  3. pain
55
Q

social smiling

A

smiling associated w/ facelike patterns

56
Q

fear response

A

follows developmental trajectory

  • change in stimulation –> separation anxiety –> sudden absence of mother
57
Q

Harry Harlow’s finding

A

contact comfort more essential in bond formation than providing for physical needs

58
Q

“strange situation procedure”

A

Mary Ainsworth: mom & infant enter room w/ toys, mom & stranger go in and out

59
Q

3 types of basic infant attachment behavior

A
  1. insecure / avoidant attachment (Type A)
  2. secure attachment (Type B)
  3. insecure / resistant attachment (Type C)
60
Q

insecure / avoidant attachment

A

not distressed when left w/ stranger; avoids contact with mom when she comes back

61
Q

secure attachment

A

mildly distressed when separated from mom; greet her positively when she returns

62
Q

insecure/resistant attachment

A

distressed during separation & inclined to resist physical contact w/ mom upon her return

63
Q

imprinting

A

rapid formation of attachment bond

64
Q

Lawrence Kolberg’s 3 stages of morality

A
  1. preconventional morality
  2. conventional phase of morality
  3. postconventional morality
65
Q

preconventional morality

A

right & wrong defined by hedonistic consequences of given action; “I’ll scratch your back, you scratch mine”

66
Q

conventional morality

A

based on social rules; morality defined by rules of authority; looking for approval of others

67
Q

postconventional morality

A

moral rules seen as convention designed to ensure the greater good

68
Q

the Heinz Dilemma

A

is it cool to steal a drug that would save your wife’s life from drug-maker who is over-pricing it if you don’t have enough money to pay

69
Q

Heinz Dilemma kid reactions

A

stage 2: not nice to steal

stage 3: not nice to let your wife die

70
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

males & females adopt different perspectives on moral issues; Kholberg’s research was only done on males

71
Q

Kohlberg’s Gender Stages

A
  1. gender labeling
  2. gender stability
  3. gender consistency
72
Q

gender labeling

A

achieve gender identity (2-3 yrs)

- realize they’re a boy or girl & can label

73
Q

gender stability

A

can predict they will still be boy or girl when grow up (3-4 yrs)

74
Q

gender consistency

A

children understand permanency of gender, regardless of what they wear or how they behave (4-7 yrs)

75
Q

gender schematic processing theory

A

as soon as children are able to label themselves, they begin concentrating on those behaviors that seem associated w/ their gender & paying less attention to those they believe are associated w/ the opposite gender

76
Q

Baumrind’s parenting styles

A
  1. authoritarian
  2. authoritative
  3. permissive
77
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A

tend to use punitive control methods & lack emotional wrath

78
Q

authoritative

A

high demands for child compliance (score low on punitive control methods)

79
Q

permissive

A

score low on control / demand measures

80
Q

longitudinal study

A

same group over time

81
Q

cross-sectional study

A

3 groups at once

82
Q

sequential cohort

A

3 groups over time

83
Q

gene

A

basic unit of heredity

84
Q

allele

A

alternative form of gene controlling each trait

85
Q

each gene has ____ alleles

A

2

86
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

87
Q

phenotype

A

total collection of expressed traits

88
Q

chromosomes

A

where genes are located

89
Q

nucleus of each cell has ____ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

90
Q

gametes are _____ cells

A

haploid

91
Q

nucleus of our cells are _____

A

diploid

92
Q

monozygotic

A

twins share 100% of genes

93
Q

dizygotic

A

share 50% of genes

Psych GRE (8 decks)

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