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Behavior Sciences Mcat > Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Sensation And Perception Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Sensation

A

Taking in physical, auditory, visual, electromagnetic and other kinds of stimulus from internal and external environment and converting it into electrical signals/action potential and transmitting it to the CNS

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2
Q

Perception

A

This is defined as the processing of the info that has been transmitted to CNS. Basically make sense of the information received

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3
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Are neurons that pick up stimulus by triggering electrical signals that carry info to CNS

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4
Q

Distal stimuli

A

These are outside the body. These do not interact directly with the sensory receptors. They produce photons, heat, light etc which then interact with sensory receptors

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5
Q

Proximal stimuli

A

These kind of stimuli directly interact with and are sensed by sensory receptors. These could be sound waves, light, heat etc

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6
Q

What is the name of the study that deals with the relationship between physical nature of stimuli and the way we sense and perceive it?

A

Psychophysics

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7
Q

Transduction-

A

This process converts stimulus to electrical signals or action potential

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8
Q

Ganglia

A

Cluster of nerve cells found outside CNS

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9
Q

Name the 7 important sensory receptors in humans

A

MN2OP2T

  • photoreceptors
    -mechanoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • nocicreceptors
  • osmoreceptors
  • taste receptors
  • olfactory receptors
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10
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Respond to light and electromagnetic waves in visible spectrum (basically sight)

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11
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Respond to pressure or movement. Like hair cells in inner ear detect motion of fluid

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12
Q

Nociceptor

A

Respond to painful and harmful stimulus

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13
Q

Somatosensation

A

Sensing a stimulus against our own skin

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14
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Respond to volatile compounds THAT IS BASICALLY SMELL

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15
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to heat and temperature change

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16
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Respond to osmolarity of blood

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17
Q

Taste receptors

A

Respond to dissolved compounds BASICALLY TASTE

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18
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum amount of a stimulus required to render perception

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19
Q

What are three types of thresholds?

A
  • absolute threshold
  • threshold of conscious perception
  • threshold difference
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20
Q

______ is the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to activate sensory receptors and take up the sensations and convert them into action potential to reach CNS through ganglia?

A

Absolute threshold

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21
Q

What is threshold of conscious perception ?

A

It is the minimum stimulus that can generate enough action potential to reach the CNS and be perceived

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22
Q

Threshold difference?

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli that can help differentiate between the two

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23
Q

What law explains that noticeable differences between two stimuli is best explained in ratios and remains constant ?

A

Weber’s law

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24
Q

Relation of adaption and threshold

A

Adaptation increases the threshold because as we get more adapted to a stimulus, it is less likely to notice difference when the fluctuations are small

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25
Q

Relationship between adaptation and threshold

A

Threshold increases as we get adapted to a stimuli

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26
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Studies how internal and external factors influence thresholds of sensation and perception

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27
Q

Signal detection trial with signal present

A

Noise trial

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28
Q

Signal detection trial with signal a absent

A

Catch trial

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29
Q

Outcomes for signal detection theory

A
  • hit- signal present and detected
  • miss- signal present but not detected
  • false alarm - signal absent but detected
  • correct negative- signal absent and not detected
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30
Q

Thick outer layering of eye

A

Sclera

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31
Q

Nutrition is supplied to the eyes by

A
  • retinal vessels
  • choroidal vessels
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32
Q

Layer before sclera

A

Choroid

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33
Q

Innermost layer of the eye

A

Retina - contain photoreceptors

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34
Q

Cornea

A

Dome like window in front of the eye - gathers and focuses incoming light

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35
Q

Front of the eye is divided into

A

2 parts

Anterior chamber and posterior chamber

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36
Q

Pupil

A

The whole through which light enters - surrounded by iris

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37
Q

Iris

A

Coyotes part of the eye

  • made of up
    • dilator pupillae- pupil opens under sympathetic stimulation

• constrictor pupillae- pupil dilates under parasympathetic stimulation

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38
Q

Ciliary body

A

• produces aqueous humor (present in front part of the eye
• ciliary muscles - helps in accommodation in the eye by stretching suspensory ligaments

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39
Q

Aqueous humor drains into?

A

Canal of schlemm

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40
Q

Accomodation

A

Lens changing shape to focus on objects at different distances

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41
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Inside the eye - supports retina

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42
Q

Duplicity theory of vision

A

Retina contains 2 photoreceptors

• rods- light and dark
• cones - color

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43
Q

Facts about rods

A
  • signal pigment rhodopsin
  • more functional
  • do not detect fine details well
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44
Q

Central section of retina that contains cones

A

Macula

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45
Q

Center of macula

A

Fovea

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46
Q

Region devoid of photoreceptors

A

Blind spot

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47
Q

Photoreceptor connection

A

Rods/cones ——> bipolar cells——> ganglion cells ——-> optic nerve

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48
Q

Amacrine and horizontal cells

A

-Helps edge detection
- received info from retinal cells

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49
Q

Visual pathway

A

Connector of eye to brain and flow of visual info along these connections

50
Q

Describe Visual pathway

A

Cornia~pupil~lens~retina ~ rods/cones~bipolar cells~ganglion cells~optic nerve~optic chiasm~optic tract~ lateral geniculate thalamus ~occipital lobe through parietal and temporal lobe

51
Q

Basic working of eye

A

Right side object is formed on the left side of the retina

52
Q

LGN is located in

A

Thalamus

53
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Crossing of nasal retinal fibers from both eyes

54
Q

Optic tract

A

Pathway after optic chiasm

55
Q

When color, form, motion and depth are processed simultaneously. What is the name of the processing

A

Parallel processing

56
Q

Cones perceive

A

Color

57
Q

Form is perceived by

A

Parvocellular cells

58
Q

Movement is perceived by

A

Magnocellular cells

59
Q

Depth is perceived by

A

Binocular neurons

60
Q

Feature detector cells

A

Detects very particular individual features

61
Q

Ear has dual functions

A
  • hearing
  • vestibular sense (balance, detection linear and rotational acceleration)
62
Q

Parts of an ear

A

OUTER MIDDLE INNER

63
Q

Structure of the ear that collects sound

A

Pinna

64
Q

Pinna is connected to?

A

External auditory canal

65
Q

Pinna —> auditory canal ——> ?

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

66
Q

Parts of outer ear

A

Pinna, external auditory canal and eardrum

67
Q

High frequency =

A

More vibrations

68
Q

Ossicles

A

3 little bones in middle ear

-malleus
-incus
-stapes

69
Q

Oval window

A

Point where base of stapes connects to cochlea

70
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Connects middle ear to nasal cavity

71
Q

Inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth - contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule
Membraneous labyrinth- all three structures form this

72
Q

Perilymp

A

Fills bony labyrinth

73
Q

Endolymph

A

Potassium rich fluid fills membraneous labyrinth

74
Q

Cochlea is divided into

A

3 scalae

75
Q

Main hearing part of cochlea

A

Middle scala

Tectorial membrane - immobile and on top of organ of corti

Organ of corti - main organ, contains hair cells bathed in endolymp

Basilar membrane - thin membrane on which organ of corti sits

76
Q

Purpose of round window

A

Permits perilymph to move why dislocating

77
Q

Vestibule

A

Utricle + saccule - contain special hair cells covered with otoliths(which resists motion when body is moving and send s signal to brain

Linear acceleration

78
Q

Rotational acceleration is perceived by

A

Semicircular canals

  • each end is swelled called ampulla containing hair cells
79
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Pinna ~ external auditory canal ~ eardrum ~ ossicles ~oval window~ perilymph cochlea ~basilar membrane~ organ of corti~hair cells~ vestibulocochlear nerve~brainstem~ medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus ~ temporal lobe

80
Q

Superior olive

A

Auditory
- localizes sound

81
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

In mid brain
For reflex actions

82
Q

_________is present over hair cells

A

Stereocilia

83
Q

Hair cells on tectorial membrane function

A

Amplifying sound

84
Q

Place theory

A

Pitch of the sound is determined by the location of the hair cells on basilar membrane

85
Q

How is cochlea organised

A

Tonotypically

86
Q

What does tonotypically organized mean

A

Low pitch cause hair cells to vibrate at the bottom

High pitch cause hair cells to vibrate at the apex

87
Q

What is the only sense that does not pass through thalamus

A

Smell

88
Q

Smell sense

A

Responds to volatile and aerosolized compounds

89
Q

Smell receptors are called

A

Olfactory Chemoreceptors

90
Q

Olfactory Chemoreceptors location?

A

Upper part of nasal cavity on epithelium

91
Q

Chemical releases by the body outside in the environment

A

Pheromones eg - sweat, urine, body oil etc

92
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

Nostril - nasal cavity - olfactory chemoreceptors - olfactory bulb- higher order brain regions and limbic system

93
Q

Basic tastes

A

Sweet
Sour
Salty
Savoury
Bitter

94
Q

Taste receptors

A

Chemoreceptors or taste buds (cells)

95
Q

Chemoreceptors are sensitive to

A

Dissolved chemical

96
Q

Taste buds are found

A

On bumps on tongue called papillae

97
Q

Somatosensation has 4 modalities. Name them

A

PPVT
PRESSURE
PAIN
VIBRATION
TEMPERATURE

98
Q

5 cells under somatostatin

A

Pacinian corpuscles - deep pressure and vibration

Merkel - deep pressure and testure

Ruffini - stretch

Open nerve endings - pain and temperature

Meissner corpuscles - mild touch

99
Q

Two point threshold

A

Minimum distance which needs to be there between two different point of stimulation on to distinguish between the two stimuli

100
Q

Physiology zero

A

Normal body temperature

101
Q

Gate theory of pain

A

Pain signal can be turned on or off

Spinal cord has the ability to modulate the pain before sending signals to the brain

102
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Ability to tell where the body is in space

103
Q

Kinesthetic sense is also called

A

Proprioception

104
Q

Proprioception receptors are called

A

Proprioceptors

105
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Parallel processing + feature detection takes place then the whole object is identified

106
Q

Top down processing

A

First object is identified through memory and recognition and then the components are identified.

107
Q

When bottoms up and top down processing are combined

A

Perceptual organisation

108
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Help fill gaps

109
Q

What are the two visual cues ?

A
  1. Monocular cues
  2. Binocular cues
110
Q

Monocular cues

A

Require one eye

-interposition - objects overlap and find one in front appears to be closer

-linear perspective-parallel lines converge at distance

-motion parallax - objects closer seem to move faster

  • relative size - objects appear larger than they are
111
Q

Binocular cues

A

Needs two eyes
- retinal disparity
- convergence

112
Q

Binocular cues

A

Needs two eyes
- retinal disparity
- convergence

113
Q

Retinal disparity

A

There is a slight difference between the images produced at two retinas

114
Q

Convergence

A

Brain detects the angle between objects and bring the object into focus

115
Q

Constancy

A

Perceiving an object same in different environment

116
Q

Gestalt principles

A
  1. Law of proximity
  2. Law of similarity
  3. Law of closure
  4. Law of contour/subjective contour
  5. Law of good continuation
117
Q

Law of proximity

A

Objects close to each other are considered unit

118
Q

Law of good continuation

A

Elements that appear to follow the same path seems to be together

119
Q

Law of subjective contour

A

Contours/ shapes are seen even if they are not drawn

120
Q

Law of similarity

A

Elements that look alike are grouped together

121
Q

Law of closure

A

If there is a space between contours, it’s perceived as if the shape is closed

122
Q

What is law of pragnaz?

A

That perceptual organisation will always be regular, simple, and symmetric

Behavior Sciences Mcat (7 decks)

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