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Behavior Sciences Mcat > Biology And Behavior > Flashcards

Biology And Behavior Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical substances that sends signals from one neuron to another

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2
Q

Agonist

A

Drugs that mimic the action of a neurotransmitter

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3
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter

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4
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter that helps in muscle movement
Found both in CNS and PNS
Alzheimer’s disease (hippocampus related)

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5
Q

Catecholamines

A

Neurotransmitters that play in important role in emotions

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6
Q

Franz Gall

A

Phrenology, part of brain increases bulge increases and leads to the development of the trait associated with that part

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7
Q

Pierre Florenz

A

Extirpation/ablation - Removed parts of rabbit and pigeon brains to find functions of different parts

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8
Q

William James

A

Founder of American psych
Mind adapts to environment

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9
Q

Paul Broca

A

Impairment is due to lesions in specific parts of the brain

Broca’s area - if damaged leads to speech impairment (in left hemisphere)

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10
Q

John Dewey

A

Functionalism - viewed organism as a whole

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11
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

Studied nerve impulse speed

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12
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

Synapse

Argues it’s an electrical process (it’s actually a chemical process )

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13
Q

Basic units of nervous system

A

Neurons

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14
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Sensory neurons - carry sensory info from receptors to brain/spinal cord( CNS)

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15
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Motor Neurons- Carry motor info from CNS to effector (muscles and glands)

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16
Q

Interneurons

A

Found between neurons
Located in Brain and spinal cord
Linked to reflex behaviour

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17
Q

Basic movement of a signal in body

A

Stimulus -> receptor-> sensory neuron-> CNS-> Interneuron -> CNS-> motor neurons -> effectors -> response

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18
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

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19
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

Thoracic 12
Cervical 8
Lumbar 5
Sacral 5
Coccygeal 1

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20
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

PNS

A

Connects CNS to rest of the body
Nerve tissues , spinal nerves (31), cranial nerves (12)

  • somatic NS
  • autonomic NS
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22
Q

Somatic NS

A

Sensory and motor neurons (voluntary functions are regulated)

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23
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Involuntary actions regulated like body temp, respiration, heartbeat, digestion

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24
Q

Parts of ANS

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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25
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Fight or flight
During stress
Increases blood glucose, relaxes bronchi, dilates eye(for more light) heartbeat increases, digestion slowed down, secretions from adrenal glands increases

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26
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Rest and digest
-Conserves energy
-Resting and sleeping
-Lowers heartbeat, secretions from adrenal glands, breathing
Improves digestion (nerve 10)
-Constricts pupil (nerve 3 and 7)
-Stimulates saliva flow (nerve 7 and 9)
- bladder constriction, erection of genitals (pelvic splanchnic nerve)

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27
Q

Forebrain scientific name

A

Prosencephalon

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28
Q

Midbrain scientific name

A

Mesencephalon

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29
Q

Hindbrain scientific name

A

Rhombencephalon

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30
Q

Telencephalon develops into

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbos system

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31
Q

Diencephalon develops into

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal and posterior pituitary gland

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32
Q

Metenceohalon develops into

A

Pons and cerebellum

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33
Q

Myelencephalon develops into

A

Medulla oblongata

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34
Q

Brain is formed from

A

Neural tube

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35
Q

Initially and eventually how many swellings on the neural tube?

A

3-5

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36
Q

Brain is covered by

A

Meninges

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37
Q

How many layers of meninges

A

1- outermost - dura mater
2- middle - arachnoid
3 - innermost - Pia mater

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38
Q

How many layers of meninges

A

1- outermost - dura mater
2- middle - arachnoid
3 - innermost - Pia mater

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39
Q

Forebrain parts

A

Cerebrum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary, pineal

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40
Q

Brain stem parts

A

Midbrain and hindbrain

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41
Q

Hindbrain

A

Pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata

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42
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A

Complex cognitive and behaviour processes

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43
Q

Thalamus function

A

Sensory relay station

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44
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Smooth movement

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45
Q

Limbus system function

A

Emotion and memory

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46
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Hunger, thirst and sexual arousal

Maintained homeostasis and hormone release

47
Q

Inferior and superior colliculi

A

Sensory motor reflexes

48
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Refined motor skills and balance

49
Q

Medulla oblongata functions

A

Vital reflexes and heart

50
Q

Pons function

A

Breathing

51
Q

Reticular formation function

A

Arousal and alertness

52
Q

Brain mapping methods

A
  1. Creating lesions in animal brains (invasive)
  2. Stimulating brain parts with electrodes to find the function of specific areas (cortical maps are formed) - done when the human subject is awake
  3. EEG - electroencephalogram - multiple electrodes on skull to study the existing neural signals
  4. rBGF- regional blood flow - blood flow is high in the areas of high cognitive activity
53
Q

Scanning devices

A
  1. CT/CAT SCAN- computed (axial) tomography . Multiple x-rays to form a cross sectional image
  2. PET - position emission tomography - radioactive sugar injected and the movement is visualised
  3. MRI - magnetic resonance imaging - magnetic field interacts with hydrogen and hydrogen rich areas identified
  4. Functional MRI - same concept as regular MRI but in this blood flow is considered
54
Q

Gyri

A

Bumps

55
Q

Sulci

A

Ridges

56
Q

Hemispheres in the brain?

A

Left and right hemispheres in the brain

57
Q

Dominant hemisphere and why?

A

Left is the dominant hemisphere because it is heavily stimulated during language reception and production.

58
Q

Right hemisphere (non dominant hemisphere why?)

A

Holistic image, emotional tone, creativity, music, spatial processing

59
Q

Contralaterally control

A

Right side of the brain communicates with left and vice-versa

60
Q

Ipsilaterally control

A

Right side of the brain communicates with right side of the body

61
Q

Broca’s area and Wernickes area located in which hemisphere?

A

Left

62
Q

Acetylcholine acts as

A

Both inhibitory and exhibitory neurotransmitter

63
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine function

A

Fight and flight situations

Epinephrine has more effect on heart
Norepinephrine works more on blood vessels

64
Q

Dopamine function

A

Stability and smooth movement

Imbalance can cause schizophrenia and Parkinson’s

65
Q

serotonin function

A

Moods, eating, dreaming and sleeping (MEDS)

66
Q

GABA and glycine

A

-Inhibitory
-Stabilised neural activity
-Hyperpolarizes post synaptic membrane by chloride influx

67
Q

Glutamate function

A

-amino acid
- excitatory

68
Q

Natural painkillers ?

A

Endorphins and enkephalin

69
Q

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

Argues that too much dopamine or over sensitivity to dopamine causes schizophrenia

70
Q

Ductless glands form

A

Endocrine system

71
Q

What kind of hormones are released directly into the bloodstream?

A

Endocrine hormones

72
Q

Hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

73
Q

What structure links nervous system and endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

What structure controls pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

75
Q

What structures connects hypothalamus to pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

76
Q

Parts of pituitary?

A

Anterior and posterior

77
Q

Master gland?

A

Pituitary

78
Q

Anterior pituitary role

A

Release main hormones that go to different glands in the body and stimulate them to release their own hormones

79
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Secretes oxytocin and ADH produced by hypothalamus

80
Q

Where is adrenal gland located?

A

On top of both the kidneys

81
Q

Parts of adrenal glands?

A

Medulla and cortex

82
Q

Function of adrenal medulla

A

Release epinephrine and norepinephrine

83
Q

Function of adrenal cortex?

A
  • produce corticosteroids (cortisol - stress hormone)
  • produce small quantities of testosterone and estrogen
84
Q

What are sex glands called?

A

Gonads

85
Q

Sex hormones?

A

Testesterone- in males produced by leydig cells in testes

Estrogen - in females produced ny granulosa cells in ovaries

86
Q

What’s libido?

A

Sex Drive

87
Q

What increases libido?

A

Sex hormones

88
Q

Innate behaviour

A

Behaviours in an organism that are already there and environment plays no role in

89
Q

Learned behaviours

A

Behaviours learned from experience and environment

90
Q

More _________, higher __________ through ____________

A

Adaptive value, adaptation, natural selection

91
Q

Nature

A

Influence of Inherited/genetic behaviours

92
Q

Nurture

A

Influence of environment on behaviours

93
Q

Degree of genetic influence on behaviour are done by these methods

A
  • family studies
  • twin studies
  • adoption studies
94
Q

Degree of genetic influence on behaviour are done by these methods

A
  • family studies
  • twin studies
  • adoption studies
95
Q

What kind of study relies on the fact that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unrelated individuals?

A

Family studies

96
Q

What kind of study shows a good evidence for the role of genes in personality?

A

Twin studies

97
Q

Twin studies study what kind of twins

A

Monozygotic and dizygotic

98
Q

What is the term used to refer to the likelihood that both twins exhibit the same kind of behaviour?

A

Concordance rates

99
Q

What does adoption studies show?

A

Both genetic and environmental influences

  • shows that kids adopted in a family exhibits similar IQ levels to the adopted parents rather than biological parents
100
Q

Specific periods where children are comparatively more susceptible to environmental factors. It is importantly for developmental

A

Critical periods

101
Q

Furrowing of ectoderm is called

A

Neurulation

102
Q

Neural groves are surrounded by

A

Neural folds

103
Q

Neural crest cells?

A

Found under neural grove

  • migrate to other parts of body to form neural structures in different parts of the body like melanocytes, dorsal root ganglia and calcitonin cells
104
Q

Structure that forms sensory neurons

A

Alar plate

105
Q

Structure that forms motor neurons

A

Basal Plate

106
Q

Reflex

A

A behavior that is in response to a stimulus without cognitive input

Like an automatic response

Usually in adults

107
Q

What kind of reflex is found in infants

A

Primitive reflexes

108
Q

Kind of reflex when the infant turns its head towards the stimulus

A

Rooting

109
Q

Reflex when toes open when sole of the foot is stimulated

A

Babanski

110
Q

Moro reflex

A

Infants throws arms wide and then withdraws them + cries

111
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Fingers tighten around the object in hand

112
Q

Fine motor skills

A

Skills that involve smaller muscle movements like using toes and fingers

113
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Skills that involve bigger muscle movements like sitting, swallowing etc

Behavior Sciences Mcat (7 decks)

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