Cognition Flashcards
What is cognition
The way our brain process and react to surrounding info
As per information processing model, brain is equivalent to _____
A Computer
Three main process involved in information processing model?
Encoding-storage-retrieval
______theory states that an organism processes info both verbally and visually
Dual coding theory
Define cognitive development
Ability to think and solve problems
_____is the ability to think about things that are not actually present. For example not being able to tell the underlying concept of an idiom
Abstract thought
_____is the most influential figure in developmental psychology
Jean Piaget
Name jean piaget’s stages of development
Sensorimotor
Pre operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
_____is the first stage of development that last from 0-2 years of development. Is categorised by absence of object permanence
Sensorimotor
- circular reactions are seen (repetitive actions)
-primary circular reactions - actions that revolve around the body (like thumb sucking)
-secondary circular reactions -actions that are outside the body that gets response (like throwing tows across a room)
What is object permanence
That objects exists even if they are not in view anymore
Preoperational stage
-2-7 years of age
-main features -egocentrism, centration, conservation, object permanence, symbolic thinking
_____is when a child only thinks about themselves and don’t care about others
Egocentrism
Define symbolic thinking
Imagination and make belief
______is when someone only pays attention to one aspect of an object/situation
Centration
A child is presented with two different shaped glasses with orange juice. The taller glass is half full while the shorter is completely full meaning the amount of juice in both the glasses is same. The child quickly chooses the taller glass of juice. What is the reason behind this?
Child Lacks Conversation , that is, they fail to understand that the physical quantity remains same even if the size of the container changes
_______is when egocentrism disappears and the concept of conservation is understood
Concrete operational stage
_______is the last stage of Piaget’s developmental learning is characterised by abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning (ability to mentally manipulate variables)
Formal operational stage
_________intelligence helps solve new problems with creative methods
Fluid
_______intelligence helps solve problems using the info we already have acquired
Crystallised
What disorder leads to decline in cognitive development
Dementia
What is the type of delirium which is due to alcohol withdrawal
Delirium tremens
What are some craniofacial features of fetal alcohol syndrome ?
-low nasal bridge
-folds on the corners of eyes
-thin upper lip
-small eye opening
-short nose
Etc
______is rapid decline is cognitive activity due to medical causes and is reversible
Delirium
What is mental set
It helps approach a problem in the same way others were approached
______is when a person is unable to think out of the box and uses traditional ways to solve a problem
Functional fixedness
What are different kinds of problem solving?
TADI
T- trial and error
A-algorithm
D-deductive reasoning
I- Inductive reasoning
Trial and error
Multiple solutions are tried until
one works
_______reasoning is also called top down reasoning. We start with a universal fact and then solution is found out
Deductive reasoning
Humans are mortal. I am a human and therefore I am mortal too. What kind of reasoning is this?
Deductive
Inductive reasoning
Also balled bottom up reasoning
-we start with observations and then make our way to the solution
The first cat is black. The second cat is black, and the third cat is black too. Therefore all cats a black. What kind of reasoning is this?
Inductive
_______ are formulae or a set procedure for solving a problem
algorithms
What tools do we use for decision making?
HIBE
heuristics -“rules of thumb”
Intuition
Bias
Emotion
________heuristic is used when we think that the likelihood of an event happening depends on the number of examples we can think of about that event
Avalability
_________heuristic is used when we think that likelihood of an event happening is more when is fits the prototypical and stereotypical category
Representativeness
_______is when we ignore actual numbers but our answer is based on what seems right stereotypically
Base rate fallacy
Define discomfirmation principle
Discarding a solution that has already been proved wrong
What are different kind of bias ?
-Confirmation
-Hindsight
-Belief perspective
________is when emotional beliefs are paid much attention to while disregarding solution that is against the belief
Confirmation
Confirmation bias leads to ___
Overconfidence
Define hindsight bias
‘Know it all’
Overestimating happening of an event just because it has happened in the past
__________refers to the inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary
Belief perseverance
Define intuition
The feeling that you are right
-Recognition primed decision model
What role does emotion play in decision making?
It determined how to behave in a certain situation and take decisions accordingly. Angry person might take rash decisions
Theory of multiple intelligences given by?
Howard gardener
What are the types of intelligences within multiple intelligences theory
8
-linguistic
-logical and mathematical
-visuospatial
-intrapersonal
-interpersonal
-musical
-naturalistic
-bodily Kinesthetic
_____prposed triachic theory of intelligence
Robert sternberg
Subtypes of triachic theory
PAC
-analytical - reason
-creative - new ways to find solutions
-practical - dealing everyday problems at home and work
_______intelligence is involved being empathetic
Emotional intelligence
What is IQ
-initallly by Alfred Binet
-later revised by standford - standford-Binet iq test
Mathematically
(Mental age /biological age ) X 100
