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Behavior Sciences Mcat > Learning And Memory > Flashcards

Learning And Memory Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Define learning

A

Learning is basically acquiring new behaviors

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2
Q

Define stimulus

A

Anything that an organism can respond to

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3
Q

________is when an organism is exposed to a repeated stimulus leading to a weaker response

A

Habituation

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4
Q

When a stimulus is too weak and leads to no repsonse

A

Subthreshold

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5
Q

Dishabituation

A

Recovery of a response after habituation has occurred due to the presence of another stimulus

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6
Q

What are two different kinds of learning

A

Associative learning
observational learning

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7
Q

What are different kinds of associative learning

A

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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8
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

Association is formed between two different stimuli or a behaviour and repsonse. Mostly works for reflexive responses

By IVAN PAVLOV

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9
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Any stimulus than brings about a reflexive repsonse . Like meat

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10
Q

Unconditioned response

A

It is the reflexive response . Like salivating

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11
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that does not elicit a reflexive response

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12
Q

Conditioned stimulis

A

Initially a neutral stimulus now associated to elicit a reflexive response

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13
Q

Conditioned response

A

Reflexive response due to conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

_______is when an unconditioned stimulus turns a neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus

A

Acquisition

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15
Q

_________ is when CS is not followed by US leading to extinction of the leaned behaviour

A

Extinction

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16
Q

————- is when when CS produces a weak CR

A

Spontaneous recovery. Basically when a dog is once again made to hear the bell, they will start to salivate but it will be really weak

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17
Q

_______ is when a similar stimulus can produce the same CR

A

Generalisation

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18
Q

Opposite of generalisation

A

Discrimination.
Basically the organism only react to the exact stimulus. In case of bell, the dogs will only react to the same kind of tone and will not react if the bell is struck differently making a different sound

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19
Q

Operant learning

A

Consequences of voluntary behaviour relates to the frequency of that behaviour

By BF SKINNER

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20
Q

Define reinforcement

A

Basically increases the likelihood of a bahavior happening through reward seeking

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21
Q

What kind of reinforment increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening by adding a positive consequence ?

A

Positive reinforcement

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22
Q

What kind of reinforment increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening by removing a negative consequence

A

Negative reinforcement

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23
Q

Negative reinforcement is divided into

A

Escape learning and avoidance learning

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24
Q

Define escape learning

A

Desired behaviour is exhibited in order to escape the -ve consequence

  • for example, putting on the seatbelt after the beep
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25
Q

Define avoidance learning

A

Desired behaviour is exhibited before the -ve consequence can occur

Eg. putting seatbelt on before beep

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26
Q

How many kinds of reinforcers are present?

A

@Primary - something an organism naturally responds to LIKE FOOD

@secondary/conditioned - these are the reinforcers that form an association with the primary reinforcers

@discriminative stimulus - just the presence of this stimulus indicates that the reward is potentially available

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27
Q

__________reduces the frequency of occurrence of a behaviour

A

Punishment

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28
Q

Types of punishment

A

-Negative. When a a behaviour is reduced by removing a stimulus

Positive. When a behaviour is reduced by adding a stimulus

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29
Q

Define reinforcement schedules

A

Basically differed kinds of schedules to deliver a stimulus

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30
Q

_________is when reward is given after fixed ratio

A

Fixed ratio schedules

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31
Q

_______is when reward is given at a variable ratio . The average remains same

A

Variable ratio schedules

BEST

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32
Q

_______is when reward is presents after a fixed interval of time like after every 30 seconds irrespective of the number of the times the desired behaviour has occurred

A

Fixed interval schedules

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33
Q

______ is when reward is presents after variable interval of time. For example after 30 secs but then the next time, 60 secs etc

A

Variable interval schedules

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34
Q

_____ means rewarding little behaviors that eventually lead to the desired behaviour

A

Shaping

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35
Q

Define latent learning

A

In this kind of learning, organism has learnt the desired behaviour but does not show it proactively until and unless provided with a reward

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36
Q

On what principle does problem solving work ?

A

Trial and error. Mostly exhibited by humans and chimpanzees

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37
Q

What is preparedness

A

Some behaviors are comparatively easier to learn because they align with the natural behaviors of the organism. This is termed as preparedness

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38
Q

_______is when the learners go back to their natural behaviors after learning a new behaviour.

A

Instinctive drift

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39
Q

_____kind of learning is through observing others or imitating others

A

Observational learning

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40
Q

Most important study for observational learning ?

A

Bandura bobo doll

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41
Q

Modeling?

A

Leading behaviors by visually watching others and doing what they present rather than what they talk about

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42
Q

_______neurons help in observational learning and imitation

A

Mirror neurons

-found in Parietal and frontal lobes of the brain

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43
Q

Major memory processes

A

Encoding ~ storage ~ retrieval

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44
Q

Putting new info into memory

A

Encoding

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45
Q

Info gained without effort

A

Automatic processing

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46
Q

Info gained with effort

A

Controlled (effortful) processing

47
Q

Types of encoding?

A

Semantic encoding - putting info into meaningful content

Acoustic - storing as per sounds

Visual - storing by visual

Elaborative - putting info and then linking it to already present info

48
Q

Types of encoding?

A

Semantic encoding - putting info into meaningful content

Acoustic - storing as per sounds

Visual - storing by visual

Elaborative - putting info and then linking it to already present info

49
Q

Strongest kind of encoding

A

Semantic

50
Q

Weakest form of encoding

A

Visual

51
Q

Encoding aids

A

1.maintenance rehearsal
2.mnemonics

52
Q

Define maintenance rehearsal

A

Defined as repeating the same piece of info to keep in working memory or short term eventually to long term

53
Q

These are acronyms or rhyming phrases that help in encoding

A

Mnemonics

54
Q

Different mnemonics

A
  1. Method of loci- linking each item with a location and when required to retrieve the info, you just walk along that path
  2. Peg-word system- associating numbers with items
  3. Chunking - grouping elements together
55
Q

What is storage ?

A

Once Info is encoded, it needs to be stored for future retrieval

56
Q

Types of memory

A

-sensory
-working
-short term
-long term

57
Q

Sensory memory

A

-lasts less than 1 second
-high accuracy

:echoic memory - fast decaying memory auditory stimuli
:iconic memory- fast decaying memory of visual stimuli

58
Q

Whole report?

A

Asked to produce the whole array of info

59
Q

Partial report

A

Asked to produce either a row or column - mostly accurate

60
Q

Eidetic memory

A

Form of iconic memory lasts for a few minutes. HIGH ACCURACY

61
Q

Short term memory

A

> Fades quick - less than a minute
Memory capacity is 7+/-2
hippocampus

62
Q

Working memory

A

Similar to sensory memory but the info is continuing manipulated

  • hippocampus
63
Q

Long term memory

A

Memory from STM moves to LTM through elborative rehearsal

64
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

New info is associated with the already stored info in STM

Different that MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL

65
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Baddeley and hitch
Related to working memory

66
Q

Types of long term memory

A

Implicit and explicit

67
Q

Implicit memory

A

Non declarative
-no need to recall

1.procedural memory - skills and tasks learned liked bike riding

68
Q

______ involves presentation of one stimulus affecting the perception of a second

A

Priming

69
Q

Positive priming

A

One stimulus helps the processing of another

70
Q

Negative priming

A

Presence of one stimulus makes it harder to process the second stimulus

71
Q

Explicit memory

A

Declarative
-need to be recalled
1.episodic memory - recollection of life experiences
2. Semantic memory - facts, concepts

72
Q

Look at the phrases and decide whether it’s episodic, semantic or procedural

1.remembering parts of a bike
2. Remembering the experience while you learned to ride a bike
3. Riding a bike

A
  1. Semantic
  2. Episodic
  3. Procedural
73
Q

Memory that is related to our own lives and ourselfs and our experiences

A

Autobiographical memory

74
Q

Demonstrating earned info

A

retrieval

75
Q

Recognition

A

Process of identifying the right info from a set of other info
Like MCQs

76
Q

Relearning

A

-Hermann ebbinghaus

77
Q

Term coined by hermann which states that releasing info after giving enough time between learning sessions increases retention

A

Spacing effect

78
Q

Semantic network

A

Events and contents are linked together

79
Q

_____is when one word leads to the recall of another

A

Spreading activation

80
Q

What are recall cues?

A

Aids that helps us recall info

81
Q

Types of recall aids

A
  1. State dependent
  2. Content effect
  3. Source monitoring
  4. Spreading activation
  5. Serial position effect
82
Q

Spreading activation

A

Recall of one word leads to the recall of another

83
Q

Context effect

A

When Physical location is the same where encoded info is encoded, recall is easy

84
Q

Source monitoring

A

Determining origin of the story and whether it’s factual or fictional

85
Q

State dependent context

A

It’s easier to recall when you are in the same physical state

86
Q

Detail position effect

A

Easier to recall first few words (primacy) and last few words (recency)

87
Q

Significant loss of memorised info

A

Amnesia

88
Q

Source amnesia

A

Inability to remember where, when and how

89
Q

What is the main cause of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s

90
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer’s

A

Acetylcholine

91
Q

Loss of cognitive function

A

Dementia

92
Q

_________is when dysfunction in Alzheimer’s increase as evening approaches

A

Sundowning

93
Q

What syndrome is related to thiamine deficiency in brain ?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

94
Q

______amnesia in which previous memory is lost

A

Retrograde

95
Q

______amnesia when it is difficult to form new memories

A

Anterograde

96
Q

____is inability to recognise objects, people or sounds. Often due to brain injury

A

Agnosia

97
Q

Decay is ?

A

Memory loss not because of any disorder

98
Q

What is rentension function or curve of forgetting

A

Ebbinghaus

Sharp fall initially, stable after

99
Q

_______is when retrieval of one info effects the retrieval of another

A

Interference

100
Q

You moved to a new home and now you have trouble recalling the new address and keep bringing your old address. What kind of interference is this?

A

Proactive
- old info intereferes with new

101
Q

You had a second marriage and now you are not able to remember events associated with your first marriage like anniversary etc? What kind of interference is this?

A

Retroactive

-new info interferes with old

102
Q

Peak period of encoding?

A

20s

103
Q

You wake up in the morning and make a to do list to be done at the end of the day. What kind of memory is that?

A

Prospective memory
- remembering that some tasks need to be done in the future

104
Q

_____is accurately recalling past events

A

Reproductive memory

105
Q

_________is when info is slightly altered which leads to a difference in narrative

A

Reconstructive memory

106
Q

You are asked to tell how you celebrated your 10th birthday as an adult and you tell everyone the details however, your parents later tell you that they never celebrated your 10th bday. What kind of memory is this?

A

False memory

107
Q

______memory is repressed but is brought back to life

A

Repressed (could be false)

108
Q

_____false details added to memory (no environmental source )

A

Intrusion error

109
Q

_______recall less accurate due to presence of external factors

A

Misinformation effect

110
Q

You remember the details of an event but confuse the context

A

Source monitoring error

111
Q

Formation of neural connections

A

Neuroplastivity

112
Q

Breaking of weak neural bonds and strengthening of strong bonds to increase brain efficiency

A

Synaptic pruning

113
Q

Define long term potential

A

Strengthning of neural connections through repeated use

114
Q

What receptor is important for synaptic strengthening

A

NMDA receptor

Behavior Sciences Mcat (7 decks)

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