Learning And Memory Flashcards
Define learning
Learning is basically acquiring new behaviors
Define stimulus
Anything that an organism can respond to
________is when an organism is exposed to a repeated stimulus leading to a weaker response
Habituation
When a stimulus is too weak and leads to no repsonse
Subthreshold
Dishabituation
Recovery of a response after habituation has occurred due to the presence of another stimulus
What are two different kinds of learning
Associative learning
observational learning
What are different kinds of associative learning
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Define classical conditioning
Association is formed between two different stimuli or a behaviour and repsonse. Mostly works for reflexive responses
By IVAN PAVLOV
Unconditioned stimulus
Any stimulus than brings about a reflexive repsonse . Like meat
Unconditioned response
It is the reflexive response . Like salivating
Neutral stimulus
Stimulus that does not elicit a reflexive response
Conditioned stimulis
Initially a neutral stimulus now associated to elicit a reflexive response
Conditioned response
Reflexive response due to conditioned stimulus
_______is when an unconditioned stimulus turns a neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus
Acquisition
_________ is when CS is not followed by US leading to extinction of the leaned behaviour
Extinction
————- is when when CS produces a weak CR
Spontaneous recovery. Basically when a dog is once again made to hear the bell, they will start to salivate but it will be really weak
_______ is when a similar stimulus can produce the same CR
Generalisation
Opposite of generalisation
Discrimination.
Basically the organism only react to the exact stimulus. In case of bell, the dogs will only react to the same kind of tone and will not react if the bell is struck differently making a different sound
Operant learning
Consequences of voluntary behaviour relates to the frequency of that behaviour
By BF SKINNER
Define reinforcement
Basically increases the likelihood of a bahavior happening through reward seeking
What kind of reinforment increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening by adding a positive consequence ?
Positive reinforcement
What kind of reinforment increase the likelihood of a behaviour happening by removing a negative consequence
Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement is divided into
Escape learning and avoidance learning
Define escape learning
Desired behaviour is exhibited in order to escape the -ve consequence
- for example, putting on the seatbelt after the beep
Define avoidance learning
Desired behaviour is exhibited before the -ve consequence can occur
Eg. putting seatbelt on before beep
How many kinds of reinforcers are present?
@Primary - something an organism naturally responds to LIKE FOOD
@secondary/conditioned - these are the reinforcers that form an association with the primary reinforcers
@discriminative stimulus - just the presence of this stimulus indicates that the reward is potentially available
__________reduces the frequency of occurrence of a behaviour
Punishment
Types of punishment
-Negative. When a a behaviour is reduced by removing a stimulus
Positive. When a behaviour is reduced by adding a stimulus
Define reinforcement schedules
Basically differed kinds of schedules to deliver a stimulus
_________is when reward is given after fixed ratio
Fixed ratio schedules
_______is when reward is given at a variable ratio . The average remains same
Variable ratio schedules
BEST
_______is when reward is presents after a fixed interval of time like after every 30 seconds irrespective of the number of the times the desired behaviour has occurred
Fixed interval schedules
______ is when reward is presents after variable interval of time. For example after 30 secs but then the next time, 60 secs etc
Variable interval schedules
_____ means rewarding little behaviors that eventually lead to the desired behaviour
Shaping
Define latent learning
In this kind of learning, organism has learnt the desired behaviour but does not show it proactively until and unless provided with a reward
On what principle does problem solving work ?
Trial and error. Mostly exhibited by humans and chimpanzees
What is preparedness
Some behaviors are comparatively easier to learn because they align with the natural behaviors of the organism. This is termed as preparedness
_______is when the learners go back to their natural behaviors after learning a new behaviour.
Instinctive drift
_____kind of learning is through observing others or imitating others
Observational learning
Most important study for observational learning ?
Bandura bobo doll
Modeling?
Leading behaviors by visually watching others and doing what they present rather than what they talk about
_______neurons help in observational learning and imitation
Mirror neurons
-found in Parietal and frontal lobes of the brain
Major memory processes
Encoding ~ storage ~ retrieval
Putting new info into memory
Encoding
Info gained without effort
Automatic processing
Info gained with effort
Controlled (effortful) processing
Types of encoding?
Semantic encoding - putting info into meaningful content
Acoustic - storing as per sounds
Visual - storing by visual
Elaborative - putting info and then linking it to already present info
Types of encoding?
Semantic encoding - putting info into meaningful content
Acoustic - storing as per sounds
Visual - storing by visual
Elaborative - putting info and then linking it to already present info
Strongest kind of encoding
Semantic
Weakest form of encoding
Visual
Encoding aids
1.maintenance rehearsal
2.mnemonics
Define maintenance rehearsal
Defined as repeating the same piece of info to keep in working memory or short term eventually to long term
These are acronyms or rhyming phrases that help in encoding
Mnemonics
Different mnemonics
- Method of loci- linking each item with a location and when required to retrieve the info, you just walk along that path
- Peg-word system- associating numbers with items
- Chunking - grouping elements together
What is storage ?
Once Info is encoded, it needs to be stored for future retrieval
Types of memory
-sensory
-working
-short term
-long term
Sensory memory
-lasts less than 1 second
-high accuracy
:echoic memory - fast decaying memory auditory stimuli
:iconic memory- fast decaying memory of visual stimuli
Whole report?
Asked to produce the whole array of info
Partial report
Asked to produce either a row or column - mostly accurate
Eidetic memory
Form of iconic memory lasts for a few minutes. HIGH ACCURACY
Short term memory
> Fades quick - less than a minute
Memory capacity is 7+/-2
hippocampus
Working memory
Similar to sensory memory but the info is continuing manipulated
- hippocampus
Long term memory
Memory from STM moves to LTM through elborative rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
New info is associated with the already stored info in STM
Different that MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
Visuospatial sketchpad
Baddeley and hitch
Related to working memory
Types of long term memory
Implicit and explicit
Implicit memory
Non declarative
-no need to recall
1.procedural memory - skills and tasks learned liked bike riding
______ involves presentation of one stimulus affecting the perception of a second
Priming
Positive priming
One stimulus helps the processing of another
Negative priming
Presence of one stimulus makes it harder to process the second stimulus
Explicit memory
Declarative
-need to be recalled
1.episodic memory - recollection of life experiences
2. Semantic memory - facts, concepts
Look at the phrases and decide whether it’s episodic, semantic or procedural
1.remembering parts of a bike
2. Remembering the experience while you learned to ride a bike
3. Riding a bike
- Semantic
- Episodic
- Procedural
Memory that is related to our own lives and ourselfs and our experiences
Autobiographical memory
Demonstrating earned info
retrieval
Recognition
Process of identifying the right info from a set of other info
Like MCQs
Relearning
-Hermann ebbinghaus
Term coined by hermann which states that releasing info after giving enough time between learning sessions increases retention
Spacing effect
Semantic network
Events and contents are linked together
_____is when one word leads to the recall of another
Spreading activation
What are recall cues?
Aids that helps us recall info
Types of recall aids
- State dependent
- Content effect
- Source monitoring
- Spreading activation
- Serial position effect
Spreading activation
Recall of one word leads to the recall of another
Context effect
When Physical location is the same where encoded info is encoded, recall is easy
Source monitoring
Determining origin of the story and whether it’s factual or fictional
State dependent context
It’s easier to recall when you are in the same physical state
Detail position effect
Easier to recall first few words (primacy) and last few words (recency)
Significant loss of memorised info
Amnesia
Source amnesia
Inability to remember where, when and how
What is the main cause of dementia
Alzheimer’s
What neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer’s
Acetylcholine
Loss of cognitive function
Dementia
_________is when dysfunction in Alzheimer’s increase as evening approaches
Sundowning
What syndrome is related to thiamine deficiency in brain ?
Korsakoff’s syndrome
______amnesia in which previous memory is lost
Retrograde
______amnesia when it is difficult to form new memories
Anterograde
____is inability to recognise objects, people or sounds. Often due to brain injury
Agnosia
Decay is ?
Memory loss not because of any disorder
What is rentension function or curve of forgetting
Ebbinghaus
Sharp fall initially, stable after
_______is when retrieval of one info effects the retrieval of another
Interference
You moved to a new home and now you have trouble recalling the new address and keep bringing your old address. What kind of interference is this?
Proactive
- old info intereferes with new
You had a second marriage and now you are not able to remember events associated with your first marriage like anniversary etc? What kind of interference is this?
Retroactive
-new info interferes with old
Peak period of encoding?
20s
You wake up in the morning and make a to do list to be done at the end of the day. What kind of memory is that?
Prospective memory
- remembering that some tasks need to be done in the future
_____is accurately recalling past events
Reproductive memory
_________is when info is slightly altered which leads to a difference in narrative
Reconstructive memory
You are asked to tell how you celebrated your 10th birthday as an adult and you tell everyone the details however, your parents later tell you that they never celebrated your 10th bday. What kind of memory is this?
False memory
______memory is repressed but is brought back to life
Repressed (could be false)
_____false details added to memory (no environmental source )
Intrusion error
_______recall less accurate due to presence of external factors
Misinformation effect
You remember the details of an event but confuse the context
Source monitoring error
Formation of neural connections
Neuroplastivity
Breaking of weak neural bonds and strengthening of strong bonds to increase brain efficiency
Synaptic pruning
Define long term potential
Strengthning of neural connections through repeated use
What receptor is important for synaptic strengthening
NMDA receptor
