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Psyc 105 > Sensation > Flashcards

Sensation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the specialized cells embedded in the retina that transduce light into a nerve signal? Where is this signal sent?

A

Photoreceptors, signal sent to Thalamus

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2
Q

Section at the back of the eye containing no photoreceptors where blood vessels and optic nerve run through. What does having no photoreceptors there cause?

A

Optic disk, causes a blind spot

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3
Q

How is Sensation defined?

A

Limited by stimulation

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4
Q

How is perception defined?

A

Elaborates or builds upon stimulation. Reconstruction of our world, not an exact replica

Influenced by:

Experience, Context, Contradictory information from different senses

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5
Q

What are the monocular depth Cues?

A

Relative Size
Texture Gradient
Interposition
Linear Perspective
Height in field
Motion parallax

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6
Q

Define: Relative Size

A

Judging how big/small and object is in relation to past experiences

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7
Q

Define: Texture Gradient

A

Texture of a surface appears denser and finer as it gets further away

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8
Q

Define: Interposition

A

One object partially bocks another

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9
Q

Define: Linear Perspective

A

Meeting of parallel lines at a distant point, resulting in a vanishing point

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10
Q

Define: Height in field

A

Perceived distance based on vertical position within the visual field

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11
Q

Define: Motion parallax

A

Objects that are closer appear to move faster than objects that are further away

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12
Q

What is top-down influence on perception?

A

Influence based on expectations and prior knowledge

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13
Q

When do auditory and visual illusions occur?

A

When the sensory system is given conflicting cues from the environment about a stimulus

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14
Q

What is the difference between pitch and loudness?

A

pitch: ears response to frequency of sound

loudness: energy of the wave

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15
Q

What is the Doppler Effect?

A

Sudden pitch change due to an increase or decrease in the frequency of sound/light and other waves as the source and observer move toward or away from each other- waves compress

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16
Q

What is the False Climb Illusion?

A

Inner ear mistakes acceleration for leaning back

17
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, x-rays

18
Q

Hue

A

Determined by wavelength

19
Q

Brightness

A

determined by amplitude

20
Q

Saturation

A

determined by purity

21
Q

What is Transduction?

A

Conversion of physical stimuli into changes in the activity of the receptor cells of the sensory organs

22
Q

What is Psychophysics?

A

Relationship between physical stimuli and perceptual experience

23
Q

What are the two kinds of photoreceptors, what are they responsible for, where are they located, and how many are there in the eye?

A

Rods (120 million): dark and light, light-sensitive
-periphery of the retina

Cones (6 million): wavelengths that are indicative of color
-located in fovea

24
Q

What is the order of Retinal Circuitry? Which group of photoreceptors are more diffusely connected to bipolar cells?

A

1st Order: Rod/Cone
2nd Order: Bipolar cells
3rd Order: Ganglion cell

Rods have more bipolar cell connections

25
Q

What are the two Visual Pathways?

A

Within Retina: photoreceptor -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell

Beyond Retina: Ganglion cell -> through optic chiasm -> thalamus -> primary visual cortex (striate)

26
Q

How is information fed to the occipital cortex?

A

Via the optic nerve and thalamus

27
Q

What is the Outer ear made up of?

A

Channel to tympanic membrane

28
Q

What is the Middle ear made up of?

A

Ossicles

Malleus, incus, stapes

29
Q

What is the inner ear made up of?

A

Cochlea- Organ of Corti:
Basilar membrane: base
Tectorial membrane: roof
Hair cells in between

30
Q

Which part of the inner ear distorts according to different frequencies? High frequency vs moderate frequency?

A

Basilar membrane

High frequency: near base of basilar membrane

Moderate frequency: near apex of basilar membrane

31
Q

What is tonotopic representation?

A

Different regions of the basilar membrane project to different areas of the cortex

32
Q

What can antibiotics do to the inner ear?

A

Induce hair cell lost first at the base of basilar membrane, which corresponds to loss of high frequency sounds

33
Q

Which part of the basilar membrane vibrates with the frequency of the sound itself?

A

The whole tip: apical end

34
Q

What is Phase difference

A

Differential push and pull on the eardrums. Sound in in synchrony in front of head, and out of synchrony to the side of head

35
Q

What is the Sonic Shadow?

A

Head absorbs high frequencies, excluding the hidden ear

36
Q

Explain Olfaction

A

Hair cells in nose extend to epithelium and respond to chemical stimulation

Information goes directly to the olfactory bulb in the cortex, then leaves in olfactory tracts to parts of the brain associated with emotion

37
Q

What is the sensory organ

A

Vemeronasal Organ

Psyc 105 (9 decks)

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