Sensation

Question 1

What are the specialized cells embedded in the retina that transduce light into a nerve signal? Where is this signal sent?

Answer 1

Photoreceptors, signal sent to Thalamus

Question 2

Section at the back of the eye containing no photoreceptors where blood vessels and optic nerve run through. What does having no photoreceptors there cause?

Answer 2

Optic disk, causes a blind spot

Question 3

How is Sensation defined?

Answer 3

Limited by stimulation

Question 4

How is perception defined?

Answer 4

Elaborates or builds upon stimulation. Reconstruction of our world, not an exact replica

Influenced by:

Experience, Context, Contradictory information from different senses

Question 5

What are the monocular depth Cues?

Answer 5

Relative Size
Texture Gradient
Interposition
Linear Perspective
Height in field
Motion parallax

Question 6

Define: Relative Size

Answer 6

Judging how big/small and object is in relation to past experiences

Question 7

Define: Texture Gradient

Answer 7

Texture of a surface appears denser and finer as it gets further away

Question 8

Define: Interposition

Answer 8

One object partially bocks another

Question 9

Define: Linear Perspective

Answer 9

Meeting of parallel lines at a distant point, resulting in a vanishing point

Question 10

Define: Height in field

Answer 10

Perceived distance based on vertical position within the visual field

Question 11

Define: Motion parallax

Answer 11

Objects that are closer appear to move faster than objects that are further away

Question 12

What is top-down influence on perception?

Answer 12

Influence based on expectations and prior knowledge

Question 13

When do auditory and visual illusions occur?

Answer 13

When the sensory system is given conflicting cues from the environment about a stimulus

Question 14

What is the difference between pitch and loudness?

Answer 14

pitch: ears response to frequency of sound

loudness: energy of the wave

Question 15

What is the Doppler Effect?

Answer 15

Sudden pitch change due to an increase or decrease in the frequency of sound/light and other waves as the source and observer move toward or away from each other- waves compress

Question 16

What is the False Climb Illusion?

Answer 16

Inner ear mistakes acceleration for leaning back

Question 17

Electromagnetic radiation

Answer 17

Visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, x-rays

Question 18

Hue

Answer 18

Determined by wavelength

Question 19

Brightness

Answer 19

determined by amplitude

Question 20

Saturation

Answer 20

determined by purity

Question 21

What is Transduction?

Answer 21

Conversion of physical stimuli into changes in the activity of the receptor cells of the sensory organs

Question 22

What is Psychophysics?

Answer 22

Relationship between physical stimuli and perceptual experience

Question 23

What are the two kinds of photoreceptors, what are they responsible for, where are they located, and how many are there in the eye?

Answer 23

Rods (120 million): dark and light, light-sensitive
-periphery of the retina

Cones (6 million): wavelengths that are indicative of color
-located in fovea

Question 24

What is the order of Retinal Circuitry? Which group of photoreceptors are more diffusely connected to bipolar cells?

Answer 24

1st Order: Rod/Cone
2nd Order: Bipolar cells
3rd Order: Ganglion cell

Rods have more bipolar cell connections

Question 25

What are the two Visual Pathways?

Answer 25

Within Retina: photoreceptor -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell Beyond Retina: Ganglion cell -> through optic chiasm -> thalamus -> primary visual cortex (striate)

Question 26

How is information fed to the occipital cortex?

Answer 26

Via the optic nerve and thalamus

Question 27

What is the Outer ear made up of?

Answer 27

Channel to tympanic membrane

Question 28

What is the Middle ear made up of?

Answer 28

Ossicles Malleus, incus, stapes

Question 29

What is the inner ear made up of?

Answer 29

Cochlea- Organ of Corti: Basilar membrane: base Tectorial membrane: roof Hair cells in between

Question 30

Which part of the inner ear distorts according to different frequencies? High frequency vs moderate frequency?

Answer 30

Basilar membrane High frequency: near base of basilar membrane Moderate frequency: near apex of basilar membrane

Question 31

What is tonotopic representation?

Answer 31

Different regions of the basilar membrane project to different areas of the cortex

Question 32

What can antibiotics do to the inner ear?

Answer 32

Induce hair cell lost first at the base of basilar membrane, which corresponds to loss of high frequency sounds

Question 33

Which part of the basilar membrane vibrates with the frequency of the sound itself?

Answer 33

The whole tip: apical end

Question 34

What is Phase difference

Answer 34

Differential push and pull on the eardrums. Sound in in synchrony in front of head, and out of synchrony to the side of head

Question 35

What is the Sonic Shadow?

Answer 35

Head absorbs high frequencies, excluding the hidden ear

Question 36

Explain Olfaction

Answer 36

Hair cells in nose extend to epithelium and respond to chemical stimulation Information goes directly to the olfactory bulb in the cortex, then leaves in olfactory tracts to parts of the brain associated with emotion

Question 37

What is the sensory organ

Answer 37

Vemeronasal Organ