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Psyc 105 > Nueroanatomy > Flashcards

Nueroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Brain view, shark fin head on

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2
Q

Encephalization Quotient

A

Size of animals brain relative to their body

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3
Q

Coronal(transverse/frontal)

A

Across the brain, opposite to horizontal

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4
Q

Horizontal

A

Horizontal

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5
Q

Gray Matter

A

Cell bodies of neurons

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6
Q

White Matter

A

their axons

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7
Q

Inside the CNS

A

Nucleus: bundle of cell bodies
Tract: bundle of axons

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8
Q

Outside the CNS

A

Ganglion: bundle of cell bodies
Nerve: bundle of axons

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9
Q

What are the two major blood suppliers to the brain?

A

Vertebral (back)
Internal Carotid (front)

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10
Q

Interruptions to blood supply

A

thrombosis or embolism: clot
hemorrhage: bleeding
aneurysms: vascular dilations
tumors, head injury, anoxia

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11
Q

Outer skull layer, thick

A

Dura Mater

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12
Q

Middle layer

A

Arachnoid
-overlays arachnoid space (CSF)
-blood vessels run through arachnoid layer

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13
Q

Inner layer

A

Pia mater
-overlies every detail of the outer brain

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14
Q

Smaller central grooves in cerebral cortex

A

Sulci

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15
Q

Larger lateral grooves in cerebral cortex

A

Fissures

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16
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

frontal- planning

temporal- auditory

parietal- spatial abilities + somatosensation

occipital- vision

17
Q

What parts is the brain stem comprised of, and what is its purpose?

A

Medulla, pons, and midbrain

Homeostasis and survival functions

18
Q

what is the purpose of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates movement, balance, posture, and motor learning

19
Q

Hippocampus?

A

Learning and memory

20
Q

Thalamus?

A

Relay station of senses (except olfaction)

21
Q

What are the two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System, and what is the PNS?

A

The PNS is nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS

Somatic (voluntary)
-controls muscle action
-receives information from sensory organs

Autonomic (involuntary)
-Smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands
-parasympathetic: conserves energy
-sympathetic: expends energy

22
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system, and what are they associated with?

A

Sympathetic division
-energy expenditure
-fight or flight
-stimulates blood flow to muscles
-secretion of epinephrine
-piloerection(hairs stand on end)

Parasympathetic division
-energy conservation
-salivation, gastric mobility, digestive enzymes, blood flow to G.I.

23
Q

Two kinds of cell specilization?

A

Glial cells
neurons

24
Q

What are glial cells

A

CNS support cells
-Physical support
-Nutrient flow
-Nerve “housekeeping”
-Serves as the brain’s immune system
-Enhance conduction of nerve signals

25
Q

What are the components of a neuron?

A

Soma- body

Neurites- any process that extends from cell body: axon(conducting fiber) and dendrites(receivers)

Node of ranvier: periodic gap in myelin sheath

nucleus

Terminal buttons

26
Q

What is action potential?

A

stereotyped change in membrane potential: many positive ions flow through voltage-gated channels

27
Q

Where/How does AP occur?

A

Down axons

Has fixed velocity and amplitude

depolarizes each successive patch of membrane

28
Q

Process that speeds up velocity for AP

A

Saltatory conduction

29
Q

What happens when an AP arrives at the end of an axon?

A

Reaches synapse(physical gap between pre and post-synaptic membranes)

Triggers release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft: converts electrical signal into chemical signal

30
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles fuse with membrane, leading to communication between neurons where neurotransmitters in vesicles cross the “gap”

31
Q

What happens to receiving cell?

A

Change in membrane potential occurs
Thickening and small indentations

32
Q

What are the two types of Postsynaptic potentials? (PSP)

A

Excitatory(EPSP): depolarization of Mp
Inhibitory(IPSP): hyperpolarization of Mp

33
Q

Learning at the neural level

A

Synapses used frequently over time get stronger

Use precipitates chemical changes in the pre and post-synaptic neuron that facilitates communication

More NT released, more receptors

THE NEURON CHANGES AS A FUNCTION OF EXPERIENCE

34
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Damage to myelin sheath that covers axons

35
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Damage to dopamine secreting neurons in basal ganglia(midbrain) that control movement

Psyc 105 (9 decks)

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