Nueroanatomy

Question 1

Sagittal Plane

Answer 1

Brain view, shark fin head on

Question 2

Encephalization Quotient

Answer 2

Size of animals brain relative to their body

Question 3

Coronal(transverse/frontal)

Answer 3

Across the brain, opposite to horizontal

Question 4

Horizontal

Answer 4

Horizontal

Question 5

Gray Matter

Answer 5

Cell bodies of neurons

Question 6

White Matter

Answer 6

their axons

Question 7

Inside the CNS

Answer 7

Nucleus: bundle of cell bodies
Tract: bundle of axons

Question 8

Outside the CNS

Answer 8

Ganglion: bundle of cell bodies
Nerve: bundle of axons

Question 9

What are the two major blood suppliers to the brain?

Answer 9

Vertebral (back)
Internal Carotid (front)

Question 10

Interruptions to blood supply

Answer 10

thrombosis or embolism: clot
hemorrhage: bleeding
aneurysms: vascular dilations
tumors, head injury, anoxia

Question 11

Outer skull layer, thick

Answer 11

Dura Mater

Question 12

Middle layer

Answer 12

Arachnoid
-overlays arachnoid space (CSF)
-blood vessels run through arachnoid layer

Question 13

Inner layer

Answer 13

Pia mater
-overlies every detail of the outer brain

Question 14

Smaller central grooves in cerebral cortex

Answer 14

Sulci

Question 15

Larger lateral grooves in cerebral cortex

Answer 15

Fissures

Question 16

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Answer 16

frontal- planning

temporal- auditory

parietal- spatial abilities + somatosensation

occipital- vision

Question 17

What parts is the brain stem comprised of, and what is its purpose?

Answer 17

Medulla, pons, and midbrain

Homeostasis and survival functions

Question 18

what is the purpose of the cerebellum?

Answer 18

Coordinates movement, balance, posture, and motor learning

Question 19

Hippocampus?

Answer 19

Learning and memory

Question 20

Thalamus?

Answer 20

Relay station of senses (except olfaction)

Question 21

What are the two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System, and what is the PNS?

Answer 21

The PNS is nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS

Somatic (voluntary)
-controls muscle action
-receives information from sensory organs

Autonomic (involuntary)
-Smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands
-parasympathetic: conserves energy
-sympathetic: expends energy

Question 22

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system, and what are they associated with?

Answer 22

Sympathetic division
-energy expenditure
-fight or flight
-stimulates blood flow to muscles
-secretion of epinephrine
-piloerection(hairs stand on end)

Parasympathetic division
-energy conservation
-salivation, gastric mobility, digestive enzymes, blood flow to G.I.

Question 23

Two kinds of cell specilization?

Answer 23

Glial cells
neurons

Question 24

What are glial cells

Answer 24

CNS support cells
-Physical support
-Nutrient flow
-Nerve “housekeeping”
-Serves as the brain’s immune system
-Enhance conduction of nerve signals

Question 25

What are the components of a neuron?

Answer 25

Soma- body Neurites- any process that extends from cell body: axon(conducting fiber) and dendrites(receivers) Node of ranvier: periodic gap in myelin sheath nucleus Terminal buttons

Question 26

What is action potential?

Answer 26

stereotyped change in membrane potential: many positive ions flow through voltage-gated channels

Question 27

Where/How does AP occur?

Answer 27

Down axons Has fixed velocity and amplitude depolarizes each successive patch of membrane

Question 28

Process that speeds up velocity for AP

Answer 28

Saltatory conduction

Question 29

What happens when an AP arrives at the end of an axon?

Answer 29

Reaches synapse(physical gap between pre and post-synaptic membranes) Triggers release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft: converts electrical signal into chemical signal

Question 30

Exocytosis

Answer 30

Vesicles fuse with membrane, leading to communication between neurons where neurotransmitters in vesicles cross the "gap"

Question 31

What happens to receiving cell?

Answer 31

Change in membrane potential occurs Thickening and small indentations

Question 32

What are the two types of Postsynaptic potentials? (PSP)

Answer 32

Excitatory(EPSP): depolarization of Mp Inhibitory(IPSP): hyperpolarization of Mp

Question 33

Learning at the neural level

Answer 33

Synapses used frequently over time get stronger Use precipitates chemical changes in the pre and post-synaptic neuron that facilitates communication More NT released, more receptors THE NEURON CHANGES AS A FUNCTION OF EXPERIENCE

Question 34

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 34

Damage to myelin sheath that covers axons

Question 35

Parkinson disease

Answer 35

Damage to dopamine secreting neurons in basal ganglia(midbrain) that control movement