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Psyc 105 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is maturation?

A

stable changes in childhood that are due to aging, not experience

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2
Q

What are critical periods?

A

Periods in which certain experiences must occur if the child is to develop normally

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3
Q

In Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, what changes over time, and how?

A

Schemas

Adaption:Assimilation and Accommodation

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4
Q

What is a schema?

A

A mental representation of how the world works

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5
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Interpret external world in terms of our current schemas

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6
Q

What is accomodation?

A

Current schemas do not capture environment

Adjusting existing schemas

Create new schemas

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7
Q

What is the role of disequilibrium in adaption?

A

Balance between assimilation and accommodation

When child not changing much
-assimilate more than accommodate

When child changing rapidly
-accommodate more than assimilate

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8
Q

What is a stage of Piaget’s Stages of Development

A

Grouping of similar changes in schemas during the same time period of development

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of stages within Piaget’s Stages of Development

A

Invariant
-Emerge in a fixed order

Universal
-Describe development of all children

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10
Q

What are the four stages of Piaget’s Development?

A

-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational
-Concrete operational
-Formal operations

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the Sensorimotor stage

A

-Birth to 2 years
-Understand the world by physically interacting with it
-Learning via circular reactions: repetition of events
-Object permanence develops throughout this period

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12
Q

What is object permanence

A

Understanding that objects exist when out of sight

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the Preoperational stage?

A

-Ages 2-7

-Representation in terms of language

-Some development of symbolic thought

-Behaviors demonstrating preoperational thought: Egocentrism(less apparent with time), Hierarchical classification(develops with time), Ability to Conserve (develop with time)

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14
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

The inability to differentiate between one’s own perspective and that of others

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15
Q

What is Hierarchical Classification?

A

Organizing things into distinct categories, ranked by importance, power, or superiority

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16
Q

What is conservation?

A

Understanding that certain physical characteristics of an object remain the same, even when outward appearance changes:

size, number, volume, mass

17
Q

In the Preoperational Stage, why do children have trouble?

A

Thinking is perception-bound
-distracted by concrete, perceptual aspects of objects

Centration
-focus on one aspect of the problem, ignore all others

18
Q

What are the characteristics of the Concrete Operational stage?

A

-Ages 7-11
-Can perform “operations”: manipulate an object in ones mind: mental math, imagine senes
-Characteristic behavior: master problems of preoperational stage, think in terms of concrete information

19
Q

What is concrete reasoning

A

size of lines example

literal style of reasoning, focus on what is immediately present

20
Q

What are the characteristics of the Formal Operations stage

A

-Ages 11 and older

Behaviors:
-Hypothetico-deductive reasoning: can do concrete stimuli tasks in head

-Thinking becomes increasingly abstract, child can imagine what it would be like: ex. going to the moon

21
Q

What is Propositional Throught?

A

Ability to evaluate the logic of abstract statements

22
Q

What is Attachment Theory (from Cognition to Emotion)

A

Strong, affectionate bond we feel for special people in our lives

23
Q

What is Drive Reduction Theory

A

Primary drive: hunger

Secondary learned drive: Tension relief

24
Q

What was Harlow’s monkeys?

A

Maternal bonding study

cloth vs wire w/food mother

monkeys chose cloth mother for comfort and security, preferred to wire mesh mother: attachment is not solely based on feeding, but physical contact and comfort

25
Q

What are the two major forms of attachment and developmental anxiety?

A

Stranger anxiety
-presence of stranger
-age 6-12 months
-male, female, child

Separation anxiety
-Anxiety when separated from caregiver
-Peaks at 15 months

26
Q

Aspects of the Strange Situation experiment?

A

Gauge how child reacts to:
-Strange environment
-unfamiliar adult
-Separation from parent
-Reunion with parent

Secure

Insecure: avoidant, resistant

27
Q

Explain the Secure type of Attachment (strange situation)

A

-Parent as a base from which to explore room
-Cries when parent leaves
-Strong preference for parent over stranger
-Seeks contact and stops crying when parent returns

28
Q

Explain Insecure type of Attachment (strange situation)

A

Avoidant
-not responsive to present parent
-Not distressed when parent leaves
-Reacts similarly to stranger and parent
-Slow to greet parent upon return, if at all

Resistant(Anxious)
-Before separation, seeks closeness to parent
-Does not explore much
-Angry when parent returns
-Not easily comforted by parent’s return

29
Q

Why do different attachments occur?

A

Influence of parental vs. child factors

Opportunity for a close relationship

Parenting styles

30
Q

What are the parental influences of mother-child attachment

A

mental illness and child maltreatment

31
Q

What are the infant influences of mother-child attachment

A

Premature, developmental delays, physical or psychological disorder

32
Q

What happens to institutionalized infants?

A

high turnover staff rate and other factors lead to insecure attachments and are overly friendly to unfamiliar adults and peers

33
Q

What factors of parenting style lead to secure attachment?

A

-responding promptly to infant signals
-expresses positive emotions toward infant
-handles infant tenderly and carefully

34
Q

What factors of parenting style lead to avoidant attachment?

A

-parent insensitive to baby’s needs
-little modulation in parental response

35
Q

What factors of parenting style lead to resistant attachment?

A

-more sensitive to own needs
-parent interferes when baby begins to explore
-parent impatient with child

36
Q

What are Erickson’s Eight stages: childhood?

A

Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Self Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt
Competence vs Inferiority

37
Q

What are Erickson’s Eight stages: adolescence?

A

Identity vs Role Confusion

38
Q

What are Erickson’s Eight stages: adulthood?

A

Intimacy vs Isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Integrity vs Despair

39
Q

What happens to intelligence over time?

A

-Crystallized Intelligence is maintained throughout life
-Fluid intelligence declines slightly
-Mental and psychomotor speed tends to slow
-Remaining mentally active is important
-Happiness may increase with aging

Psyc 105 (11 decks)

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