Development Flashcards by Brom Tarachow

What is maturation?

stable changes in childhood that are due to aging, not experience

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What are critical periods?

Periods in which certain experiences must occur if the child is to develop normally

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In Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, what changes over time, and how?

Schemas

Adaption:Assimilation and Accommodation

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What is a schema?

A mental representation of how the world works

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What is assimilation?

Interpret external world in terms of our current schemas

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What is accomodation?

Current schemas do not capture environment

Adjusting existing schemas

Create new schemas

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What is the role of disequilibrium in adaption?

Balance between assimilation and accommodation

When child not changing much
-assimilate more than accommodate

When child changing rapidly
-accommodate more than assimilate

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What is a stage of Piaget’s Stages of Development

Grouping of similar changes in schemas during the same time period of development

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What are the characteristics of stages within Piaget’s Stages of Development

Invariant
-Emerge in a fixed order

Universal
-Describe development of all children

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What are the four stages of Piaget’s Development?

-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational
-Concrete operational
-Formal operations

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What are the characteristics of the Sensorimotor stage

-Birth to 2 years
-Understand the world by physically interacting with it
-Learning via circular reactions: repetition of events
-Object permanence develops throughout this period

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What is object permanence

Understanding that objects exist when out of sight

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What are the characteristics of the Preoperational stage?

-Ages 2-7

-Representation in terms of language

-Some development of symbolic thought

-Behaviors demonstrating preoperational thought: Egocentrism(less apparent with time), Hierarchical classification(develops with time), Ability to Conserve (develop with time)

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What is egocentrism?

The inability to differentiate between one’s own perspective and that of others

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What is Hierarchical Classification?

Organizing things into distinct categories, ranked by importance, power, or superiority

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What is conservation?

Understanding that certain physical characteristics of an object remain the same, even when outward appearance changes:

size, number, volume, mass

In the Preoperational Stage, why do children have trouble?

Thinking is perception-bound
-distracted by concrete, perceptual aspects of objects

Centration
-focus on one aspect of the problem, ignore all others

What are the characteristics of the Concrete Operational stage?

-Ages 7-11
-Can perform “operations”: manipulate an object in ones mind: mental math, imagine senes
-Characteristic behavior: master problems of preoperational stage, think in terms of concrete information

What is concrete reasoning

size of lines example

literal style of reasoning, focus on what is immediately present

What are the characteristics of the Formal Operations stage

-Ages 11 and older

Behaviors:
-Hypothetico-deductive reasoning: can do concrete stimuli tasks in head

-Thinking becomes increasingly abstract, child can imagine what it would be like: ex. going to the moon

What is Propositional Throught?

Ability to evaluate the logic of abstract statements

What is Attachment Theory (from Cognition to Emotion)

Strong, affectionate bond we feel for special people in our lives

What is Drive Reduction Theory

Primary drive: hunger

Secondary learned drive: Tension relief

What was Harlow’s monkeys?

Maternal bonding study

cloth vs wire w/food mother

monkeys chose cloth mother for comfort and security, preferred to wire mesh mother: attachment is not solely based on feeding, but physical contact and comfort

What are the two major forms of attachment and developmental anxiety?

Stranger anxiety -presence of stranger -age 6-12 months -male, female, child Separation anxiety -Anxiety when separated from caregiver -Peaks at 15 months

Aspects of the Strange Situation experiment?

Gauge how child reacts to: -Strange environment -unfamiliar adult -Separation from parent -Reunion with parent Secure Insecure: avoidant, resistant

Explain the Secure type of Attachment (strange situation)

-Parent as a base from which to explore room -Cries when parent leaves -Strong preference for parent over stranger -Seeks contact and stops crying when parent returns

Explain Insecure type of Attachment (strange situation)

Avoidant -not responsive to present parent -Not distressed when parent leaves -Reacts similarly to stranger and parent -Slow to greet parent upon return, if at all Resistant(Anxious) -Before separation, seeks closeness to parent -Does not explore much -Angry when parent returns -Not easily comforted by parent's return

Why do different attachments occur?

Influence of parental vs. child factors Opportunity for a close relationship Parenting styles

What are the parental influences of mother-child attachment

mental illness and child maltreatment

What are the infant influences of mother-child attachment

Premature, developmental delays, physical or psychological disorder

What happens to institutionalized infants?

high turnover staff rate and other factors lead to insecure attachments and are overly friendly to unfamiliar adults and peers

What factors of parenting style lead to secure attachment?

-responding promptly to infant signals -expresses positive emotions toward infant -handles infant tenderly and carefully

What factors of parenting style lead to avoidant attachment?

-parent insensitive to baby's needs -little modulation in parental response

What factors of parenting style lead to resistant attachment?

-more sensitive to own needs -parent interferes when baby begins to explore -parent impatient with child

What are Erickson's Eight stages: childhood?

Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Self Doubt Initiative vs Guilt Competence vs Inferiority

What are Erickson's Eight stages: adolescence?

Identity vs Role Confusion

What are Erickson's Eight stages: adulthood?

Intimacy vs Isolation Generativity vs Stagnation Integrity vs Despair

What happens to intelligence over time?

-Crystallized Intelligence is maintained throughout life -Fluid intelligence declines slightly -Mental and psychomotor speed tends to slow -Remaining mentally active is important -Happiness may increase with aging