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Introduction To Psychology > Sensation > Flashcards

Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define sensation

A

An internal state produced when out senses gather information about the outside world

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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of conversion

A

Accessory structures
Transduction
Sensory nerves
Sensation

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3
Q

What are accessory structures

A

E.g. eyes and ears

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4
Q

What is the process of transduction

A

Physical energy is picked up by receptors and is converted into neural energy, which receptors respond to.

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5
Q

What is the path of the sensory nerves

A

Thalamus to various parts of the cortex

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6
Q

When is a sensation produced

A

When the message reaches the brain

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7
Q

Define psychometrics

A

Measuring our senses and their thresholds

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8
Q

What does the term Noise mean

A

A random excitation or inhibition of neurons that either increase or decrease the sensed intensity of a physical stimulus

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9
Q

What are some implications of noise

A

Noise may not always produce the same internal sensation
Physical signal does not equal sensation

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10
Q

What is the Absolute threshold

A

Detecting a stimulus 50% of the time

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11
Q

What is Weber’s law of difference threshold

A

The smallest amount of change in a stimulus before a change is detected

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12
Q

What is Webers fraction within the law

A

Change of intensity of stimulus/intensity of standard = C

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13
Q

What is background intensity directly proportional to?

A

The difference threshold

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14
Q

What is hearing based of?

A

Soundwaves

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15
Q

Define pitch

A

Frequency of waves (Hz)

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16
Q

Define volume

A

Amplitude of waves (Decibels)

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17
Q

Define complexity

A

Nature of the sound (timbre)

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18
Q

What is the place theory

A

Various places on the basilar membrane vibrate more depending on the pitch

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19
Q

Where is a low frequency detected in the ear

A

Apex

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20
Q

Where is high frequency detected in the ear?

A

At the base

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21
Q

What has research found that has artificially stimulated areas of the basilar membrane

A

Caused sensations of hearing different pitches

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22
Q

What do individuals who cannot hear certain pitches have damage to?

A

Basilar membrane

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23
Q

What is a problem of the place theory

A

Below 100Hz no specific place of the membrane vibrates more than the rest

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24
Q

Describe the frequency theory

A

The higher the frequency of the sound the faster it vibrates

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25
Q

What is the most important factor within the frequency theory

A

The rate that the hair cells are stimulated

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26
Q

What is a problem with the frequency theory?

A

Above 1000Hz, the cells go into refractory period as they cannot fire any faster.

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27
Q

What is the frequency and volley theory?

A

Groups of hair cells fire in alternation to send a higher frequency of signal to the brain.

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28
Q

What is a problem with the frequency and volley theory?

A

Extremely high frequencies require overly complex teamwork

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29
Q

What does vision define?

A

Physical energy

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30
Q

What is light measured in

A

Manometers

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31
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Differing wavelengths

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32
Q

X rays

A

1-10Nm

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33
Q

Ultraviolet

A

101Nm (we only see part of this spectrum)

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34
Q

Infrared

A

103Nm (We only see part of this spectrum)

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35
Q

Radar

A

105 Nm

36
Q

FM radio

A

109 Nm

37
Q

TV

A

1011Nm

38
Q

am Radio

A

1012Nm

39
Q

Violet

A

400Nm

40
Q

Blue

A

500Nm

41
Q

Green

A

570Nm

42
Q

Yellow

A

600Nm

43
Q

Orange

A

650Nm

44
Q

Red

A

700Nm

45
Q

Where are photoreceptors found

A

In the retina

46
Q

What do photoreceptors contain?

A

Photopigment

47
Q

What do photopigments do

A

Break down light projected onto photoreceptors, initiating transition of information to the brain, and then breaks down itself (becoming lighter)

48
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors

A

Rods
Cones

49
Q

When are rods of use?

A

When looking at dim light with no colour information

50
Q

Where are rods located?

A

On the Fovea

51
Q

What do rods contain

A

Rhodopsin

52
Q

When are cones of use?

A

When looking at bright light with lots of detail and colour information

53
Q

What do comes contain

A

Iodopsin

54
Q

How many types of cones are there

A

3

55
Q

What theory describes colour vision

A

Trichromatic theory

56
Q

What are colours of the spectrum

A

Colours that can be made of either a unique wavelength of light or a combination of unique wavelength.

57
Q

What are primary colours?

A

Colours that produce and colour on the spectrum when combined with the right amount.

58
Q

What are the subtractive pigments

A

Blue, red and yellow

59
Q

What are the additive lights?

A

Red, blue and green.

60
Q

Comes sensitive to short wavelengths produce a sensation of?

A

Blue

61
Q

Cones that are sensitive to medium wavelengths produce a sensation of?

A

Green

62
Q

Comes that are sensitive to long wavelengths produce a sensation of?

A

Red

63
Q

What happens when mixing colours

A

More than one type of iodopsin is bleached

64
Q

What does the breakdown of combinations of Iodopsin produce?

A

A sensation of other colours on the spectrum.

65
Q

How many types of iodopsin do dichromatic colour blind people have?

A

2
Blue and green
Or
Blue and red

66
Q

How many Iodopsin do monochromatic colour blind people have?

A

One - can only see shades of monochrome

67
Q

Problems with Dichromatic colour blindness in supporting the trichromatic theory

A

Dichromats can see yellow which is produced from bleached red and green Iodopsin

68
Q

How does information travel from the photoreceptor to produce a sensation

A

Information from rods and cones are conveyed to ganglion cells, via bipolar cells, which send information to the optic nerve.

69
Q

What is known as the blind spot of the eye

A

The optic disk

70
Q

Where does information from the eye meet?

A

Optic chiasm

71
Q

What does the optic chiasm do?

A

Re-routes information to the thalamus which is sent to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

72
Q

What are the three receptors involved in touch?

A

Temperature, pressure and pain

73
Q

What do temperature and pressure have in common

A

They are both relative

74
Q

What is felt at 32 degrees

A

Neither cold or hot

75
Q

Where does information from the left visual field go?

A

To the right cerebral hemisphere.

76
Q

Where does information from the right visual field go to?

A

Left cerebral hemisphere

77
Q

What substance provides pain

A

P

78
Q

What decreases pain

A

Endorphins

79
Q

How do electrodes release endorphins to reduce pain

A

Stimulating parts of the brain or in anticipation of pain

80
Q

What chemicals produce a physiological response to smell when secreted into the body?

A

Olfactory sense pheromones

81
Q

What percentage of the population lose their sense of smell?

A

8%

82
Q

What is smell closely linked to

A

Taste

83
Q

What are the main taste buds?

A

Bitter, salty, sour, and sweet

84
Q

What does taste sensation act similarly to?

A

Colour sensation

85
Q

What happens with a different ratio of output from a few different types of receptor cells

A

Can produce a multitude of sensations

86
Q

What other factors influence taste?

A

Smell, mood and texture

Introduction To Psychology (11 decks)

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