Semi: M1 Flashcards
The 5 kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Monera
2 Autotrophic
- Photoautotrophic
- plotoyntters
(snight, uter, Coa
div - Chemoautotrophic
- Chemicals
- Bacterias live in an extreme / hot environment )
1967,_____ introduced the five-kingdom classification system.
Robert Whittaker
In 1937, _____ suggested the terms of, “Procariotique” to describe bacteria and
“Eucariotique” to describe animal and plant cells.
E-chatton
Kingdom Monera
• Unicellular, Prokaryotic organisms
• Bacteria - Sole members of this kingdom
• Live in diverse habitats, most abundant
• Grouped under 4 categories:
Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla, Vibrio
• Metabolic diversity of Bacteria:
- Autotrophic
> Photoautotrophic
> Chemoautolrophic
- Heterotrophic
• Subgroups: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria
Heterotrophic
- Herbivore- only eat plants
- Carnivore - Feed only by meats
- Omnivore- feed by both plants and meats.
- Saprophytes- feed on decaying mater.
decomposers,
_____or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like peptidoglycan layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.
Peptidoglycan
Characteristics of Monerans
It includes prokaryotic organisms
• Monerans are unicellular
• Most are heterotrophic but some perform photosynthesis
two different kinds of
organisms i.e.bacteria and cyanobacteria.
two different kinds of
organisms i.e.
bacteria and cyanobacteria.
There are two subkingdoms of Kingdom
Monera:
• Archaebacteria-can live in the most extreme of environments.
Eubacteria-Is also called the true bacteria
Brief comparison of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
-Cell wall has no peptidoglycan
-has a unique DNA
Both
-Prokaryotic
-Unicellular
-autotrophic and heterotrophic
Eubacteria
-cell wall has peptidoglycan
-heterotrophic photosynthetic (cyanobacteria)
-heterotrophic chemosynthetic (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
Characteristics of Protista
• It includes eukaryotic unicellular and simple multicellular organisms
• There are three main types of protists.
1) Algae
2) Protozoans
3) Fungi like protists
- Autotrophic
• Auto- means “self”
• Troph - means “nutrition”
These organisms make their own food
Have the green pigment chlorophyll
- Heterotrophic
• Hetero- means “different”
• These organisms eat other organisms for energy
Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
• It includes eukaryotic multicellular consumers.
• Animals live mostly by ingesting food and digesting it within specialized cavities.
• They lackcell wall and show movements.
What is Paramecium, amoeba, and Euglena.
Paramecium is a genus of eukaryotic, unicellular ciliates, commonly studied as a model organism of the ciliate group. Paramecium are widespread in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments and are often abundant in stagnant basins and ponds.
An amoeba, often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods. Amoebae do not form a single taxonomic group; instead, they are found in every major lineage of eukaryotic organisms
Euglena is a genus of unicellular, freshwater organisms that are very common in ponds and small bodies of water, especially if they are rich in nutrients and consequently high in algae. As noted below, Euglena itself is sometimes photosynthetic and is a component of the green sludge in such ponds.
KINGDOM FUNGI
• Mainly have Multicellular body with the exception of yeast which is unicellular fungi.
• True nucleus is Present.
› Their cell wall is made up of chitin ( a tough complex sugar ).
• Their body is in the form of interwoven mass of fine thread like structures called Mycelium (a bunch of fine thread structures are called Mycelium)
> The particular or individual thread structure is called Hyphae.
• They have saprophytic nutrition i.e. live on the dead and decaying matter.
Hence they are also called Saprophytes.
> Examples- Yeast, Penicillium
Why is it important to classify species according to their Kingdoms?
Classifying species into kingdoms is important because it provides a foundational framework for organizing the vast diversity of life on Earth.
This hierarchical system aids in understanding evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics among organisms. Additionally, it facilitates scientific study, ecological understanding, and conservation efforts by grouping organisms with similar characteristics and roles.
Characteristics of Kingdom Plantae
• It includes eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs.
• Plants are autotrophic in nutritional mode, making their own food by photosynthesis.
• They have multicellular sex organs and form embryos during their life cycles.
Examples: Mosses, ferns and flowering plants are included in this kingdom.
Kingdom Animalia
• Eukaryotic organisms
• Heterotrophic, depending on other organism for food
• Multicellular and lacks cell wall
• Mode of nutrition is Holozoic - ingestion of food
• Most of them are capable of locomotion
• Reproduces sexually
• Eg: Birds, animals, human
gymnosperms
are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term gymnosperm comes from the composite word in Greek: γυμνόσπερμος, literally meaning ‘naked seeds’. The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds
Characteristics of Fungi
• It includes eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs which are absorptive in their nutritional mode e.g. mushrooms.
• Most fungi are decomposers.
• They live on organic material, secrete digestive enzymes and absorb small organic molecules formed by the digestion by enzymes.
Kingdom Protista
• All single celled Eukaryotes are placed under Protista
• They are primarily Aquatic
• Cell body contains well defined nucleus, and other membrane bound organelles
• Some protistan have flagella / cilia for motility
• Reproduce Asexually & Sexually
• Includes Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds, and Protozoan
• Eg: Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium
Kingdom plantae
• All eukaryotic chlorophyll containing organisms - Plants
• Some are partially heterotrophic (insectivorous plants -Venus fytrap and parasites - Cascuta)
• Cell wall mainly made up of Cellulose
• Reproduce through asexual vegetative propagation / by sexual reproduction
• Plantae includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms & angiosperms
