Semester Exam Flashcards
The White Man’s Burden
A poem written by Rudyard Kipling
it conveyed the idea that Europeans have a duty/responsibility to help uncivilized nations
Industrialization of ambitions in European Nations:
- Industrialization stirred ambitions
the Europeans wanted more resources to fuel industrial productivity - They competed for new markets for their goods
- They looked to africa for raw materials and as a market
- Colonial powers seized vast areas of Africa during the 19th and early 20th centuries
Shaka Zulu
Zulu time period: 1700-1800 (before scramble).
Shaka Zulu was the chief who used disciplined warriors and good organization to create a centralized state. His successors were unable to keep the kingdom together against Europe.
Cetshwayo refused to accept British rule so they invaded. The Zulus lost the Battle of Ulundi and their kingdom fell to GB in 1887.
Reasons for countries colonizing and not colonizing:
Some countries colonized because they felt they were superior and had to take care of other nations. It was also really easy to colonize because of new technological advances, communication, transportation, and weapons. However, European travel to the interior on a large scale basis was virtually impossible. They could not navigate African Rivers. Steam-powered riverboats in the 1800s allowed Europeans to go inwards in Africa. Diseases discouraged European exploration. Africans controlled their own trade networks and provided the trade items. Natural resources were in short supply in Europe. No European power wanted to be left behind.
Rudyard Kipling
the author of the Poem, White Man’s Burden
Eli Whitney
the cotton gin guy
Characteristics of imperialism:
a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically for economic gain
primogeniture
the right by law or custom of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent’s entire or main estate
Boxer Rebellion
Boxers were a Chinese group that arose in rebellion in an attempt to drive out all foreigners from China. They belonged to the secret society called the Righteous and Harmonious Fists. Hundreds of foreigners were killed, and the Chinese government secretly supported the Boxers. They were crushed by an international police force. It encouraged Chinese nationalism.
Robber Barons:
A person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices
1) Andrew Carnegie: steel guy who gave away 350 mill
2) John D. Rockefeller: standard oil company - worth 900 million even when automobiles weren’t a thing
3) Cornelius Vanderbilt: railroads, strike instilled in West Virginia
Europe in 1900 (conditions)
The first decades of the 20th century saw a sea change in European politics and culture, while two world wars altered the shape of the continent
Market economy
an economic system in which production and prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses
Social Darwinism
people are subject to the same Darwinian laws as plants. The idea of natural selection was used to justify racism and the scramble for Africa
Spanish-American War
The US joined Cuba in their war against Spain for independence. The US takes the Philippines from Spain. The Spanish attack Cuba, but the Spanish defense collapses. In 1901, Cuba was declared independent, but the US instills military forces that the Cubans hate. The war went to the Caribbean. The Rough Riders, under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt, dought in the Battle of San Juan Hill. They won and Roosevelt gained popularity. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris.
Laissez-Faire
the government should stay out of businesses so the economy can grow
Woodrow Wilson
Democrat: wins election by saying he kept the US out of war.
declares war on germany: said the world must be safe for democracy
14 points guy
Wilhelm II:
The triple alliance under him was offensive instead of defensive when it was under Bismarck
He abdicated the German throne and was replaced by the Weimar Republic
Treaty of Versailles:
June 28, 1919
The War Guilt Clause blamed Austria and Germany for WWI. it forced them to decrease the size of their military to 100,000 men. France gained Alsace-Lorraine, Syria, and Lebanon. Britain gained Palestine, Iraq, and Jordan. Germany hated the treaty, but they were forced to sign it. The Germans were humiliated and thought they were punished unfairly. The damage done during WWI is unprecedented. 10 million people died, Civil liberties pulled apart, progress came to a halt, the economy crashed down and society changed
Russian Revolution + Results
Russia was a disaster before the war started. War highlighted the shortcomings of Russia. Russia wasn’t technologically or militarily strong enough to fight; they had plenty of soldiers but not enough weapons.They were unprepared. Russian military general were no bueno. The Czar takes personal control of the Russian Army even though he garbage. He killed 2 million Russian soldiers. 8 million total casualties. By 1977, Russia’s will to fight was gone. The Czar let his wife, Alexandria, rule pretty much. She gave the power to Rasputin. Her heir, Alexei had hemophilia (necrophilia) Rasputin was a Peasant healer and healed him. He gave the government ideas that didn’t help Russia. Nicholas didn’t stop him though, and the aristocrats didn’t like him.. They assassinated him on December of 1918. Bread rations were high and 10,000 women marched on the Streets of St. Petersburg. Workers of the middle class joined the women. They succeeded in shutting down factories. Nicholas tells the soldiers to shoot the crowd. The troops joined the march and Nicholas lost his power, he abdicates the throne. Russia gets a new provisional government-> Moderate Constitutional Democrats led and their mistake was that they kept Russia in the war and lost support. Revolutionary leaders organized the Soviet Council of Workers and Soldiers where the Bolshevik Leader was Lenin.
Mussolini:
Mussolini was injured in WWI. When he came home, he joined the socialists to get out of war. He didn’t agree with them, so they kicked him out. He switches to the extreme right to get some power. He played on people’s fears of a socialist uprising; he said he would prevent the rise of Socialism and gained support. He brings nationalistic pride and said Italy needed a great leader. The Squadristi/Blackshirts were a group of enforcers who followed Mussolini and fought for him. Fascists were elected into Parliament. Former soldiers and the middle class made up the Squadristi. They break up socialist meetings and marches. In 1922, enough fascists were in Parliament that the other parties allied with Mussolini. He gave a speech that says to give all the power to him or he will march on Rome. This was a huge bluff and it worked. It frightened the government and King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint Mussolini as Prime Minister on Oct 22, 1922. Mussolini threatened violence to silence the socialist party. 2/3 of Parliament were Fascist. They assassinated many socialist leaders. Mussolini made a speech to create a new order to get rid of violence. Mussolini censored the public and outlawed other political parties. By 1926, he ruled Italy as Il Duce (the leader). “Peace will reign through Italy by love or force if necessary”. He used propaganda to spread messages but it wasn’t successful. The military grew bigger, women’s job was to give birth. Mussolini never got rid of the monarchy and competed for power. He couldn’t get rid of Catholics so he recognized it as the Italian religion and gave them Vatican City. Hitler was an admirer of Mussolini.
Zimmerman Note
Zimmerman sent a telegram to von Eckhardt, German Ambassador to Mexico. It said:Mexico, please join central powers against the US and when they win the war, they would be given Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. It was sent on March 1, 1917. GB intercepted the telegram on April 12, 1917 and sent it to the US.
Totalitarian dictators (countries where they rose)
Hitler (Germany), Stalin (Russia), Mussolini (Italy)
Gavrilo Princip
the guy that killed Francis ferdinand, he was Serbian and with the Black Hand group
Francis Ferdinand
archduke that was shot
Neutrality
The US wanted to stay neutral in WWI because Woodrow Wilson was against war and the US was economically well-off. The US had a trade agreement with the Triple Entente so they were leaning towards joining the British side. The Germans used unrestricted submarine warfare to go after military ships only. Wilson is still against war so he didn’t join yet.
Reparations
war debt Germany had to pay due to the Treaty of Versailles
Propaganda
The most common types used were fear, the bandwagon, name-calling, euphemism, glittering generalities, transfer, and the testimonial. The posters pulled at emotions-both positive and negative.
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin was the Bolshevik leader of the new Russian government. He was kicked out of Russia for causing havoc as the Bolsheviks were violent revolutionaries. Lenin said Russia needed a violent revolution. The Bolshevik revolution = the Communist Revolution. Lenin consolidated his power into peace, land, adn bread. Lenin said Russia would overcome its issue. He gained a lot of support for taking Russia out of WWI. Lenin was in charge of everything for the rest of the war. He nationalized land and gave it to local soviets in rural areas. Lenin turns over control of factories to workers. His major achievement was getting Russia out of the war. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed with Germany that gave Germans a lot of land. Lenin said the treaty was irrelevant because communism will take over Europe and there will be no more borders. Russia left the war, Germany was hopeful to take control of the war. They gathered a massive force to create and launch a massive offense
The Schlieffen Plan:
What Germany wants to do: go through Belgium asap and take over; go to France ASAP and take it over; Belgium slows the plan. The plan part one is successful, but not like Germany wanted it to be. Belgium fights back and Germany doesn’t take over quickly. The Battle of the Marne was part 2 of the Schlieffen Plan attempt by France to push Germany back to Germany. Marne was the French counterattack; Germany tried to take over France.
Role of Women(WWI)
Many women joined the workforce. Women faced discrimination and low wages. Rebellious, independent women were given the name of Flappers. Flappers were modern and rebellious women that had short hair and skirts. They visited speakeasies, danced, and wanted the same freedom as men.
14 points goal
Made by Woodrow Wilson to show his ideas about peace to the world
Big 3 at Paris Peace Conference:
the Big 4 were David Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Woodrow Wilson of the US.
Austrian Ultimatum (Serbia)
Austria issued Serbia an ultimatum, or list of demands, and gave them a 48 hour time limit. Serbia agreed to all of them except for 2. On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia
US conditions after war
Roaring 20s: prosperous time when America’s growth and economy was booming. The 18th amendment made alcohol illegal. Prohibition was difficult to enforce. The 19th amendment was women’s suffrage. Flappers, Clash between science and religion, KKK, Red Scare, Harlem Renaissance, Stock Market Crash, Great Depression.
Black Hand
A Serbian terrorist group that Gavrilo Princip was a part of - they killed the archduke
League of Nations
The purpose was to negotiate disputes and keep wars from happening
Entente
a friendly agreement
Triple Entente
GB, France, SU
Advantages: surrounds the central powers and controls trade
Disadvantages: no true alliance
Immediate effects of Great Depression (Germany)
After William II, the Weimar Republic was created. It was plagued with problems. In 1925, Hindenburg was elected president - military man. Germany had serious economic problems. People on fixed incomes suffered inflation. The middle class was pushed toward politcal parties w=that were hostile for the republic. Depression paved the way for dear and the rise of extremist parties. Army was not loyal to Hindenburg. The Judges made their own rules, people undermine democracy. Teachers are against the republic. The weak government gives and Hitler takes over. Serious economic issues, unemployment, and inflation continue to increase.
Nuremberg Laws
prejudiced laws that prevented Jews from doing many things and gave them less rights.
Totalitarian dictators
italy, Russia, Germany
Total War
in a total war, everyone is attacked, including civilians, everyone is involved
German invasion of France
France had dope weapons, but they didn’t know hot to use them. They also had a bad leader. Hitler invaded from the North and Mussolini from the South. Dunkirk was named Operation Dynamo. 340,000 soldiers were on French land. The British made a big rescue.
Adolf Hitler’s control of Germany in Relation to treaty of Versailles:
Hitler knew that Germany could not possibly pay back the reparations that were required in the Treaty of Versailles
