Road to World War I Flashcards
Name some ways that China was self-sufficient
1) agriculture
2) quick growing stain of rice introduced in the 11th century
3) corn (maize), sweet potatoes, and peanuts introduced in the 17th and 18th centuries
4) natural resources such as silver, iron, tin, and salt
5) manufactured silks, high-quality cotton, and fine porcelain
Describe the Opium War
Opium was in possession of the European traders. It is a habit forming narcotic derived from the poppy plant. The Europeans used it to sell to China in masses to shift the favor of trade to the Europeans. It was sold in Guangzhou and by 1835, 12 million Chinese were addicted to Opium.
Describe the growing internal problems of China
1) population grew 30% in 60 years with 430 mil by 1850
2) food production did not increase with population
3) discouragement increased Opium addiction
4) Chinese began to rebel against the Qing dynasty
Who was Hong Xiquon? What nickname did he give himself?
a) He was the leader of the Taiping rebellion. b) He called himself the brother of Jesus a) as well as he built the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace and recruited many followers.
What was Hong’s movement called? Describe the movement and how many people died in the rebellion
His movement was called the Taiping Rebellion. In 1850, Hong rallied up peasant troops and captured Nanjing for his capital. The French and British and Qing forces squashed the rebellion and killed 20 million people.
Define sphere of influence: what countries that we discussed had a sphere of influence?
A sphere of influence is where a foreign country has control over trade and investment in a different foreign country. France, Britain, Russia, Japan, and Germany had a sphere of influence in China.
Who were the Chinese martyrs of 1900?
182 protestant missionary of several denominations + 500 chinese protestants who were murdered in the Boxer rebellion.
Who recognized the martyrs? What was the outcome?
The catholic and East Orthodox Church recognized the martyrs who were formally venerated by the churches. Nations demanded compensation for the loss of their people; however, leader of the Chinese Inland Mission, James Hudson Taylor, refused any compensation to show the meekness of christ to the Chinese.
What kind of government was proposed in 1908 in China to occur by 1917?
constitutional monarchy/government
Did China get the proposed government by 1917? How long was there unrest?
no, 4 decade
Initially, where was Japan during this time in relation to the world? Who did they trade with? Who did they have diplomatic ties with?
Japan had little contact with the industrial world. They traded with the Dutch in Indonesia and the Chinese. Japan had diplomatic ties with Korea.
Describe the demand for foreign trade. Include Commodore Matthew Perry and the Treaty of Kanagawa
Westerners tried to convince Japan to open up ports for US trade, but Japan refused. Commodore Matthew Perry sent 4 ships to the Tokyo Harbor and the Tokugawa Shogunate had no choice but to accept them. Perry carried a letter from US president Millard Fillmore that requested trade between Japan and the US. Perry returned within a year with more threatening ships. The Treaty of Kanagawa was signed and opened 2 ports to US ships and granted them extraterritorial rights.
Describe the Meiji Reform and modernization:
After the Shogunate stepped down, Mutsuhito ruled Japan for 45 years. He decided that the best way to counter Western imperialism was to modernize. The economy of Japan by the 20th century was as modern as any European nation. Japan built their first railroad in 1872, cola production grew, state supported companies, and they built factories. Japan followed a western path of industrialization.
What are some of the items that Japan stole from other countries?
1) german government and constitution
2) German army
3) British navy
4) US education
During the Meiji era, describe the improvements that Japan made:
Japan built their first railroad in 1872, coal production grew, state supported companies and factories, Japan had several dozen warships and 500,000 well trained soldiers. Japan eliminated extraterritorial rights and had a legal code. Japan annexed Korea.
Describe the first Sino-Japanese war
In 1876, Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for Japanese trades. In 1885, Japan and China signed a hands off agreement. In 1894, China broke the agreement by rallying the troops to help with a rebellion against the Korean king. Japan won and gained a foothold in Manchuria.
Describe the Russo-Japanese war
The Japanese victory against China changed the balance of power. Russia and Japan went to war over Manchuria. In 1903, Japan offered to recognize Russian rights in Manchuria as long as they stayed out of Korea;however, Russia refused. In 1904, Japan launched a surprise attack on Russian ships. In 1905, Roosevelt began peace negotiations. The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed and Japan kept all captured territory.
What did Theodore Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace prize for?
for his efforts in bringing about peace between Russia and Japan
Describe the Japanese occupation of Korea
After defeating Russia, Japan attacked Korea with a vengeance. In 1905, Korea became a Japanese protectorate. In 1907, the Korean king gave up control of the country and the army disbanded within 2 years.
Describe Korea under Japanese Rule
The Japanese were harsh rulers. Korean newspapers shut down. The study of Korean culture and language was replaced with Japanese subjects. Land was taken from Korean farmers. Japan brought businesses to Korea, but they forbid Korean Businesses. It started the Korean nationalist movement.
Describe Latin America after Independence
Most Latin Americans worked for larger land owners, wages were low, prices were high, workers accumulated debt, rich get richer, poor get poorer, the government took over native and church land to sell to the rich, economic development lagged, political instability was a widespread problem in the 19th century, leaders gained fame from the struggle for independence, leaders became Caudillos or military dictators called “strong man” by the mid 1800s all of Latin America was Ruled by Caudillos.
Caudillos vs Democracy
Caudillos were faced with no opposition and were supported by the rich landowners. Latin America lacked democratic tradition. Only the Upper and Middle classes had voting rights.
Describe trade in Latin America
Latin America’s main trading partners were the US and Britain. Latin America had old products and new markets. The development of the steamship, railroads, and refrigeration increased trade. Foreign nations benefited more. Latin America did not invest in infrastructure or manufacturing industries. Therefore, Latin America could not serve as a leader in economics.
Describe Plessy vs Ferguson
major court case in 1856, upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the facilities were equal in quality “separate but equal”
What was the significance of the USS Maine
it was sent to Cuba to collect US citizens; however, it was blown up at the port. No one knew who did it but the newspapers blamed Spain and this started the Spanish American war
Describe Cuban independence
Cuba declared independence in 1868 and fought a 10 year war with spain. They gave up in 1878. In 1895, Jose Marti returned to Cuba to launch another war against Spain. The US helped as they had substantial business holdings in Cuba.
Describe the Spanish American War
US joined Cuban war of independence by fighting the Spanish in 1898. The US took the Philippines from Spain, and after an attack launched on Cuba, Spanish defense collapsed. Cuba was declared an independent nation in 1901 where the US instilled a military government. The Cubans resented it.
What happened at San Juan Hill?
June 1898: Rough riders fought under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt who won the battle.
What was the name of the group led by Roosevelt?
Rough riders
Describe Roosevelt’s political career path:
he was leader of the rough riders, NY governor, vice president under McKinley, president 6 months after the assassination of McKinley
Name the 4 places that became part of the US due to the Treaty of Paris
Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines
Describe the building of the Panama Canal
Roosevelt wanted to build it through Panama. COlumbia, who owned Panama, refused. The Panamanians rebelled and the US Navy and Marines supported them. Within 2 weeks, Panama and the US signed a treaty to build the canal
Name some reasons for the canal
lower distance, time, and cost to move around south america
describe Roosevelt’s big stick policy
US should ask first, then use force or intimidation to get its way; it was named after the West African saying “speak softly and carry a big stick”
Describe the Roosevelt corollary
gave the US the right to be an international police power in the Western Hemisphere. It was used to justify US intervention in Latin America
Who was Santa Anna
He fought Spain from 1821-1829. He served as the president of Mexico who was guilty of switching sides on different issues.
Describe the Texas revolt. Include the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto:
Americans moved to Texas (Mexico) for cheap land. As the Anglo population grew, so did tensions. Stephen Austin encouraged a revolt in 1835. Texas was defeated and the Alamo was a fortress. In the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was captured by Sam Houston but returned to Mexico
Describe what Gilded and Movement mean:
Gilded: coated with a thin layer of gold
Movement: progressivism, clean up political corruption
What were the 4 goals of Progressivism
1) protect social welfare
2) promote more development
3) create economic reforms
4) fostering efficiency
Describe the muckrakers
journalists who wrote about the corrupted side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines. A famous one being Upton Sinclair.
Define Yellow Journalism:
the form of reporting that relied on sensational stories or headlines that were often exaggerated and untrue. It was used to influence and catch the attention of readers (tabloids)
Explain who Upton Sinclair is and what “The Jungle” was about:
Upton Sinclair was a famous muckraker who wrote ‘the Jungle” in 1906. It was a book that exposed the horrors of the meat packing industry and made people aware of the horrible conditions of food producing factories all over the world
Whar did the following people fo: JOSEPH PULITZER AND WILLIAM RANDOLPH
JOSEPH PULITZER: was the first major editor to use yellow journalism(sensationalism) in his newspaper
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST: built up a powerful chain of newspapers full of yellow journalism and made a major increase in circulation
What does the 17th Amendment say?
made it mandatory for all states to have state senators be elected into office rather than appointed by state legislatures
Describe Roosevelt’s square deal
term used to describe Roosevelt’s progressive reforms
Explain what the Sherman Antitrust Act did
It was the first government law to limit monopolies and gave the federal government power to investigate trusts and factories suspicious of violating the act; competition law
What was urbanization? Who were the prevalent new immigrants? How were they seen?
a) Urbanization is when the millions of new immigrants from South and East Europe came to the US and lived in cities and worked in factories
b) The most prevalent immigrants were the German and Irish
c) The Germans were seen as sturdy, hardworking, serious people. The Irish were seen as dirty, immoral, Catholic, and violent, democrat corrupters
Describe New Immigration
the new immigrants came between 1880 and 1912 with about 27 million arriving in the US. They came from East and Southern Europe. 1/3 of the US was either foreign born or had at least one parent foreign born. They arrived mainly in Ellis Island and struggled to maintain their culture.
Where did people come from (2) and where did they go (2)?
a)italy and poland
b) Boston, Philidelphia
Name some results of immigration
Catholic Parochial and Jewish Hebrew schools were established; foreign language newspapers, theaters, food stores, restaurants, parishes, and social clubs appeared. America was seen as the land of opportunity as conditions in Europe were dismal. The statue of Liberty was built ~1800s as a gift from France
Describe the assassinatino of William McKinley
The nation returned to prosperity when McKinley was elected in 1896 and 1900. Leon Frank Czolgosz assassinated McKinley because he was an angry worker who did not get the job he wanted after the election of 1900
Define Robber Barons (3)
a) people who become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices
b) Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt
Describe Cornelius Vaderbilt:
He was an American born philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. He owned the NY Central Railroad, and he was called the Commodore.
Describe the railroad strike of 1877:
It started on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia in response to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad cutting wages for the 3rd time. Workers stopped letting trains and freight trains through until the third wage cut was revoked
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
He produced 1/4 of the nation’s Bessemer steel by 1890. He sold his company for 400 million, and with the rest of his money, he gave around 350 million to the public, libraries, and pensions for professors
Who was John D. Rockefeller? Describe his business.
He owned the Standard Oil Company and was worth 900 million by the time he retired in 1897. This was incredible considering the automobile industry did not exist
What was the AFL and NAACP
AFL- American Federation of Labor: founded by Samuel Gompers who worked tirelessly to improve the lives of workers
NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: founded by W.E.B. Dubois as a civil rights organization in the US in 1909 as a biracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans
What was the date WWI began?
June 28, 1914
Immigration vs Emigration
Immigration: the act of coming to live permanently in another country
Emigration: the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another
European Motives for colonization:
- Industrial revolution > source for raw materials and markets for finished goods
- European Nationalism
- Missionary Activity
- Military and Naval bases
- Places to relocate unwanted/excess population
- Social and economic opportunities
- humanitarian reasons
- European racism > “white man’s burden,” social darwinism
