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Accel Biology > Semester Exam (1) > Flashcards

Semester Exam (1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical characteristics of a species

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2
Q

Genotype

A

combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a given gene

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3
Q

Gene Pool

A

all of the genes of all the members of a population

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4
Q

Allele

A

different versions of a gene

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4
Q

Phenotype frequency

A

number of times a phenotype occurs within a population

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5
Q

Genotype frequency

A

number of times a genotype occurs within a population

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6
Q

Allele frequency

A

number of times an allele occurs within a population

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7
Q

4 main sources of genetic variation

A

mutation, lateral gene transfer, migration, sexual reproduction

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8
Q

lateral gene transfer

A

within a generation

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9
Q

migration

A

moving from one area to another

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10
Q

sexual reproduction

A

gamete formation through miosis

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11
Q

concept of hardy-weinberg

A

For a population to maintain equilibrium, certain conditions must be met, and that will stop evolution. The population has gene/allele frequencies that do not change. The population cannot evolve and there is no change happening. Although, this is impossible. We have proved gene frequencies must change from generation to generation.

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12
Q

5 criteria to meet hardy-weinberg

A

no new mutations, completely random mating, no migration, very large population, no natural selection

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13
Q

concept of genetic equillibrium

A

gene frequencies do not change, and evolution does not occur

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14
Q

hardy-weinberg equations

A

p+q=1, used for dominant and recessive allele frequencies, p^2+2pq+q^2, used for total dominant, recessive, heterozygous

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15
Q

genetic drift

A

change in gene frequency due to a random event, like natural disasters, smaller gene pools are more affected, then they are more likely to go extinct because genetic drift leads to less variation and they are less likely to adapt to environmental changes. Two types of genetic drift, bottleneck, and founder.

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16
Q

why is genetic drift more susceptible to small populations

A

smaller frequencies take less to be able to change the frequencies

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17
Q

why does genetic drift lead to extinction

A

genetic drift leads to less variation, and they are not as likely to adapt to environmental changes.

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18
Q

bottleneck effect

A

very large population is reduced to a small population by a natural disaster, loss of alleles leads to reduced gene pool

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19
Q

founder effect

A

a few individuals from the original large population break away to form a new population, gene pool of following generations is based on the founding population

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20
Q

gene flow

A

Movement of genes from one population to another population. 2 types immigration and emigration. Gene pools become more and more similar and could become one population.

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21
Q

immigration

A

movement into a population

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22
Q

emigration

A

movement out of a population

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23
Q

heterozygous advantage (sickle cell)

A

Mutation, blood cell clumps, collapses and no oxygen is available. aa is fatal, AA is malaria and slow intermediate HIV, and Aa is neither.

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24
Q

stabilizing selection

A

the sweet spot is right in the middle, those who have the “middle” trait are more likely to survive

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25
Q

disruptive selection

A

the sweet spot is the extreme lef of right. Those who have the “left or right” trait are more likely to survive.

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26
Q

directional selection

A

the sweet spot is either one side or the other. Those who have either the “left or the right” are more likely to survive.

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27
Q

definition of a species

A

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural population which produce fertile offspring

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28
Q

flaws to the definition of a species

A

those who produce asexually do not interbreed, so they do not fit the definition

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29
Q

speciation

A

how new species form

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30
Q

process of allopatric

A

speciation due to a geographic barrier

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31
Q

temporal isolation

A

reproduction at different times, so then they can not interbreed

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32
Q

behavioral isolation

A

different behaviors and ritual like courtship rituals such as their mating songs

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33
Q

speciation and the galapagos finches

A

geographic isolation, founder effect

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34
Q

convergent evolution

A

similar environmental pressures, two species become more closely similar, but never one species

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35
Q

divergent evolution

A

different environmental pressures, one species breaks off into two different species

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36
Q

adaptive radiation

A

different environmental pressures, one species breaks off into multiple different species

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37
Q

coevolution

A

change in response to each other, birds and flowers, bacteria and antibiotics

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38
Q

modern synthesis

A

incorporates genetics and population biology into natural selection, thomas hunt morgan, theodosius dobzhansky worked together, mutations creat variation, most have no effect

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39
Q

way in which modern synthesis is different from darwin

A

recognizes importance of mutations to variation, incorporates other methods of evolution, speciation occurs due to an accumulation of mutations and genetic change

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40
Q

3 key elements that must occur for a new species to form

A

seperated geographically, reproductive isolation, populations get new niches

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41
Q

definition of evolution

A

change in gene frequencies in a population from generation to generation

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42
Q

mechanisms of evolution

A

natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift

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43
Q

what does natural selection act on

A

phenotype which is coded by genotypes

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44
Q

what does a greater genetic variation in a population mean

A

wide range of phenotypes

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45
Q

do individuals evolve

A

no, populations do

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46
Q

what did the hardy-weinburg equilibrium prove

A

populations evolve because all five conditions cannot happen simultaneously. That proves that gene frequencies change from generation to generation

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47
Q

how to solve hardy-weinburg problems

A

solve for homozygous recessive first

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48
Q

can a population get rid of the recessive allele in the gene pool

A

it is very unlikely because even if the population of them get very low, there will still be Rr

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49
Q

hardy weinberg equilibrium must occur in populations where

A

an allele remains fixed, natural selection is not operating

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50
Q

parts of an HIV cell and what they do

A

attacks white blood cells, weakens a person’s immune system and makes them more susceptible to infections. HIV stands for Human Immunodefiency Virus CCR5 coreceptor, CXCR4 coreceptor, CD4 receptor

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51
Q

Taxonomy

A

branch of biology that names and groups organisms, the current term is systematics/cladistics

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52
Q

Morphology

A

physical characteristics

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53
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history

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54
Q

history of taxonomy

A

In the 16th and 17th centuries, many new organisms were discovered. This led to many problems. Common names were used. Those common names changed from location to location, they did not accurately describe the organism, and different species shared the same common names. They began assigning Latin and Greek names.

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55
Q

work of Aristotle

A

Classified living organisms as either plant or animal (blood or no blood). Grouped those based on land, air, or water dwellers.

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56
Q

why Aristotle’s system became inaccurate

A

some organisms lived/used multiple of the land, water, and air options, like frogs

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57
Q

work of Carolus Linnaeus

A

In the 1730s Carolus Linnaeus created a universal system of naming that is still used today. It grouped organisms into hierarchical categories. It went from broad to specific. The system was based on morphology.

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58
Q

work of Carl Woese

A

Carl Woese used DNA sequencing when he found that there were two very distinct groups of bacteria. So, he proposed that a new domain should be added, Archaea.

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59
Q

when and why did the 5 kingdom system come about

A

In the 1950s and 60s, they realized the system was failing and in the 1970s the new system was widely accepted. It was changed because most biologists came to the realization that this system failed to accommodate the fungi, protists, and bacteria

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60
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Animalia, Plantae, Bacteria, Fungi,, Protista

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61
Q

Linnaeus’ hierarchy system

A

7 taxa; kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species; two kingdom; plantae, animalia, broad to specific, morphology

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62
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

Two part name for each species, universally used, genus name comes first, then species. Genus capitalized, species lowercase. Written underlines, typed italicized

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63
Q

when and why did the domain system come about

A

In the late 1970s because there were two distinct groups among the prokaryotes, according to genetic makeup. One of the groups produced methane.

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64
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

shows evolutionary relationships amongst a group of organisms, represents a hypothesis, shows speciation,

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65
Q

evidence used to construct a phylogenetic tree

A

the fossil record, morphology: comparison of homologous structure, the greater number of similarities close related. embryological development, and shared features.

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66
Q

difference between taxonomy and systematics

A

taxonomy uses morphology, has a two-kingdom system, and has no domain. Systematics uses phylogeny, a 5-kingdom system, and has domain.

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67
Q

cladistics

A

based on two principles, clade and derived characters

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68
Q

clade

A

a group that indicates the common ancestor and all of its descendants, living or non-living

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69
Q

derived characters

A

a trait that arises within a group of organisms and remains in all descendants, can be lost

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70
Q

node

A

spot where species break off

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71
Q

Archaea

A

a domain of archaea that can live in extreme environments, similar to bacteria in some ways

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72
Q

habitats of archaea

A

extreme environments like hot springs, glaciers, bottom of the sea, acidic water

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73
Q

how were archaea discovered

A

through Carl Woese’s research

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74
Q

why was rna used by woese

A

ribosomal rna contains most of the chemical composition and doesn’t change much over time

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75
Q

tree of life general shape

A

bacteria on one branch, archaea branching off with eukarya on the other side

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76
Q

protist habitats

A

most habitats are aquatic, freshwater and salt water

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77
Q

heterotrophic and autotrophic

A

heterotropic is obtaining food for metabolism, autotrophic is producing own energy through photosynthesis (chloroplasts)

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78
Q

protist reproduction

A

a-sexual, binary fission grows and splits. Sexual, alternation of generations (water molds) alternate between sexual and asexual. Conjugation, (not reproduction) exchange in genetic information to increase genetic variation

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79
Q

contractile vacuoules

A

Contractile vacuoles is a space within an organism that contracts to release fluid from the organism. Usually water is released. This helps with water balance inside of the cell. This allows the organism to survive under hypotonic stress. Hypotonic stress occurs in a hypotonic environment which is where the solute concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell.

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80
Q

ameoba pseudopod

A

Psuedopods are used for locomotion and digestion. Cytoplasmic flow creates psuedopods, the psuedopod becomes ectoplasm, an exterior gel, and the endoplasm, or interior fluid is pulled toward the psuedopod. Psuedopod means false foot.

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81
Q

phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis happens during movement when the amoeba comes in contact with food. The psuedopods move around the food to surround and trap it. An opening in the cell membrane allows the food into the cell and it can be digested.

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82
Q

cilia

A

A paramecium moves by the cilia located on the cell membrane. Cilia are microscopic, chort hair-like structures. There are lots of them found on the paramecium. These cilia move in unison to help propel the organism through the fluid. A common analogy is oars on a boat.

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83
Q

volvox colonial organism

A

The volvox is a parent colony housing daughter colonies. There can be 500-60000 cells within each colony inside of the volvox. The volvox is a green algae and each cell within the volvox contains two flagella. It is considered a colonial organism because of the daughter colonies within it.

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84
Q

volvox locomotion

A

volvox move by the two flagella located on every somatic cell within the organism. All the flagella move together to move the volvox toward the light.

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85
Q

euglena photosynthetic

A

Euglena can perform photosynthesis because they have chloroplasts in the cell. This means they are autotrophs because they can use photosynthesis and energy from light as a food source. When euglena does not have access to sunlight they are heterotrophs.

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86
Q

how do euglena move

A

flagella

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87
Q

Trypanosoma host

A

humans

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88
Q

Trypanosoma vectors

A

tsetse fly and “kissing bug”

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89
Q

Trypanosoma diseases it causes

A

African sleeping disease and Chagas disease

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90
Q

plasmodium host

A

humans

91
Q

plasmodium vector

A

anopheles mosquito, females only

92
Q

plasmodium spores

A

no means of locomotion, travels through spores- infected form covered by protective coat

93
Q

domain for protists

A

eukarya

94
Q

amoeba clade

A

amoebozoa

95
Q

paramecium clade

A

chromalveolates

96
Q

euglena clade

A

excavates

97
Q

diatoms clade

A

chromalveolates

98
Q

Trypanosoma clade

A

excavates

99
Q

plasmodium clade

A

chromalveolates

100
Q

reason classification is going through revolutionary changes within protists

A

organisms within a kingdom should be more similar than members of other kingdoms, not true for protists

101
Q

what is a vector

A

a carrier of a disease

102
Q

protists of african sleeping disease

A

trypanosoma

103
Q

protist of chagas

A

trypanasomi cruzi

104
Q

protist of malaria

A

plasmodium falciparum

105
Q

general life cycle of plasmodium

A

infected mosquito, bites someone, saliva goes into the blood stream (sporozoite), becomes merozoite in the liver, enters bloodstream (symptoms), merozoites can become gametocytes, gametes go into a mosquito, goes into the gut, gamete production.

106
Q

sporozoite

A

infected form

107
Q

gametocyte

A

reproductive stage

108
Q

merozoite

A

form that infects the red blood cells of the host

109
Q

2 main groups of parasitic protists

A

saromastisophora (excavates) move by flagella
apicomplexa (chromalveolates) spores

110
Q

African sleeping disease stages

A

Trypanosoma multiplies in blood and lymph nodes (treatable) then Trypanosoma crosses the blood-brain barrier (lethal)

111
Q

chagas stages

A

first stage, acute stage) can last up to two months, circulates in blood. second stage (chronic phase) hides in heart and digestive muscles (cardiac issues)

112
Q

is amino acid or dna sequence more accurate for cladograms

A

dna sequences because they have more information that is relevant and show mutations

113
Q

goal of phylogenetic systematics

A

to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent rather than similarities and differences

114
Q

in what ways was the early naming of organisms inadequate

A

common names changes from location to location, did not accurately describe the organism, different species may have the same common name, latin and greek names were too long and too descriptive

115
Q

division

A

term used instead of phylum in the plant kingdom

116
Q

prokaryotes

A

a single-celled organism without a nucleus

117
Q

plasmids

A

small loops of DNA that are separate from bacterial DNA that contain R-factors

118
Q

R-factors

A

resistance genes that allow for antibiotic resistance

119
Q

flagella

A

a tiny tail-like structure that provides movement

120
Q

pilli

A

allow for attachment to surfaces

121
Q

binary fission

A

how bacteria reproduce, duplicate, and split into two, asexual

122
Q

mutation (gaining antibiotics)

A

plasmids have mutations that lead to resistance and are then passed on through reproduction

123
Q

conjunction

A

sharing of plasmid with an R-factor between bacteria, they connect with a pilus

124
Q

transformation

A

bacteria acquiring “naked” DNA from the environment

125
Q

transduction

A

bacteria acquiring DNA from a virus

126
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

generation to generation (mutation)

127
Q

lateral gene transfer

A

within the same generation (conjunction, transduction, transformation)

128
Q

James Hutton

A

“Father of Modern Geology”, the earth is continually changing by gradualism, the earth is much older than what the church said

129
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

developed paleontology, comparative anatomy, he believed in catastrophism, he was opposed to evolution

130
Q

catastrophism

A

violent catastrophes led to most animals dying and forming fossils

131
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

“Father of taxonomy”, came up with the system to name and classify organisms, grouped by physical similarities, opposed to evolution

132
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Geology, processes are gradual, uniformitarianism, earth is older than what the church says

133
Q

Lamarck

A

Organisms are driven towards perfection, use and disuse, acquired characteristics, the first proposal for evolution

134
Q

use and disuse

A

body structures that are used more frequently become larger and those not used become smaller

135
Q

acquired characteristics

A

traits acquired during a lifetime would be passed on to the next generation

136
Q

was Lamarck’s theory proven wrong?

A

yes, both use and disuse, and acquired characteristics are false

137
Q

why was Lamarck’s theory important

A

It was the first proposal for a mechanism of evolution

138
Q

4 steps of natural selection

A

genetic variation in a population, environmental change leaving more organisms than can survive, survival of the fittest, favorable trait survives, reproduction, the trait is passed on spreading it through the species

139
Q

how is natural selection different from Lamarck’s theory

A

they adapt because of the environment, not because they use a certain structure more than another

140
Q

gradualism

A

Evolution is a slow continuous process overtime

141
Q

descent with modification

A

all species have descended from one common ancestor

142
Q

what did Darwin not understand when developing his theory

A

genetics

143
Q

voyage on the beagle

A

the goal of the trio was to map the coastline of South America, he went to the mainland and explored species

144
Q

Lyell’s Principles of Geology

A

expanded on James Hutton’s view on the Earth being older than what the church said

145
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the same geological processes that are forming the earth today are the same as in the past

146
Q

What did Darwin’s collection of finches show

A

Originally it was thought that the birds were different species, but then it was hypothesized that they diverged to fit their island and descended from one common ancestor

147
Q

Thomas Malthus essay

A

says that the human population will grow faster than the resources available which will lead to war, famine, and disease. Lead Darwin to conclude that a struggle occurs for all populations

148
Q

Role of mutation in natural selection

A

it creates the genetic variation that allows the organisms to adapt

149
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

short rapid periods of evolution followed by long periods of no change

150
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of where organisms live now and in the past, shows similarities despite differences in where they live

151
Q

How are fossils formed

A

organisms become buried in sediment, calcium in bone mineralizes (hardens), surrounding sediment hardens to form rock

152
Q

why are the fossil records incomplete

A

most organisms decomposed or were eaten

153
Q

Steno’s Law of Superposition

A

the lowest stratum in the rock is the oldest and the top layers are the most recent

154
Q

Transitional fossils

A

forms a series that traces the evolution of modern species from an ancestor (intermediate forms of the species)

155
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that are different in function and appearance but have similar structures

156
Q

how can homologous structures show common ancestry

A

shows organisms have a recent common ancestor and evolved different functions due to different environmental pressures

157
Q

Analogous structures

A

structures that have a similar appearance and function, but different structures

158
Q

vestigial organs/parts

A

a structure that no longer has a purpose, but were thought to have one at one point

159
Q

how can vestigial parts show common ancestry

A

they can connect species to one another because there could be remnants of a body part that they could of had at one point, that another organism has or also had

160
Q

what do similar sequences of amino acids and DNA for the same gene show

A

Shows common ancestry

161
Q

Homologous proteins

A

they share extensive structural and chemical similarities

162
Q

antifreeze gene in icefish

A

a gene was duplicated creating a new protein that prevents crystallization of the blood

163
Q

disappearance of hemoglobin in icefish

A

a mutation within the DNA sequence occurred, knocking out the ability for the hemoglobin to do its job

164
Q

multicellular vs. unicellular

A

multicellular is composed of multiple cells and unicellular is composed of one cell

165
Q

role of organelles and molecules within cells

A

am organelle is a structure within a cell that performs a specific function, molecules are within cells and organelles, and they provide energy use (ATP), structure (proteins), and other functions (DNA)

166
Q

example of blood glucose levels in regard to homeostasis

A

You eat sugars and the levels go up, then your pancreas releases insulin and your liver and body cells store glucose causing the levels to go down

167
Q

example of body temperature in regard to homeostasis

A

Body temperature= 37 degrees celsius

The ability to keep a stable internal temperature despite external changes.

Walking outside and you your temperature rises so you sweat to keep you internal temperature down

168
Q

cellular respiration

A

transforming the food consumed into energy for cells (food –> ATP)

169
Q

photosynthesis

A

the suns energy converted into sugars (glucose)

170
Q

growth of a living organism vs. a non-living structure

A

growth of a living organism results from the division and enlargement of cells (cell division)

Growth of a non-living structure comes from accumulation, like an icicle accumulating water

171
Q

role of turning genes on and off

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter turning on the gene and when it is not bonded it turns it off

172
Q

the basic role of stem cells

A

to provide new cells for the body to be specialized

173
Q

sexual vs. asexual reproduction

A

sexual reproduction is the combination of genetic material from 2 organisms of the same species

asexual reproduction creates a clone and genetic material is passed on exactly the same

174
Q

Function of DNA

A

stores genetic information within cells

175
Q

Function of RNA

A

It carries the DNA message out of the nucleus

176
Q

Where is DNA located

A

the cell nucleus

177
Q

where is RNA located

A

the nucleus and cytoplasm

178
Q

5 differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA has Thymine and RNA has Uracil

DNA is 2 strands and RNA is 1

DNA is made up of deoxyribose sugar and RNA is made up of ribose sugar

DNA stores genetic information and RNA carries DNA’s message

DNA is located in the cell of the nucleus and RNA is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm

179
Q

3 components of nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base, phosphate, and sugar

180
Q

importance of hydrogen bonds

A

hydrogen bonds keep the base pairs together but are weak enough to split when the DNA needs to be used

181
Q

importance of covalent bonds

A

they hold together the sugar and phosphate and are strong enough so they can not break apart

182
Q

purines

A

Adenine and Guanine, they are larger and have a 2 ring structure

183
Q

pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil, they are smaller and have a 1 ring structure

184
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

When the sequence of each strand determines the sequence of the other.

185
Q

which bases go together

A

in DNA adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine pair together. It is the same in RNA except its uracil instead of thymine

186
Q

difference between r and s strains in Griffiths experiment

A

r strands are rough strains that do not kill the mice, s strains are smooth strains that are deadly to mice

187
Q

Why was the result for Heat killed S mixed with living R so surprising

A

because alone each kept the mice alive, but together it killed the mouse

188
Q

What was Griffiths conclusion

A

there is a transforming principle that is transferred when they are combined which causes the mice to die.

189
Q

Role of DNase, RNase, and Protease

A

They are enzymes that disable RNA, DNA, and proteins, when mixed with the mixture of the heat-killed s strain and live r strain

190
Q

What was the basic process of Avery’s experiment

A

He injected the mice with a mixture of the 2 strains and added different enzymes to see what the transforming element was.

191
Q

What was Avery’s conclusion

A

DNA is the transforming principle

192
Q

Number of base pairs in human cells

A

3 billion

193
Q

Number of chromosomes in human cells

A

46

194
Q

Definition of a gene

A

A segment of DNA that under goes transcription and translation to form a protein (traits)

195
Q

The approximate number of genes in humans

A

20,000-25,000

196
Q

semi-conservative replication

A

When DNA replicates, it saves half of the parental strand and uses it as a template for new strands

197
Q

how was semi-conservative replication shown in the Meselson and Stahl experiment

A

They used N^15 and N^14 to see how it replicates. They spun it in a tube to see the combination of the two. The results showed that after one generation there was an even mixture of both elements. The second generation showed that there was 50% N^14 and 50% a mixture of both. semi-conservative is the only replication process that fits this model.

198
Q

Differences between mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

A

mRNA is the messenger RNA that leaves the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome, tRNA is the transfer RNA that transfers the amino acids, and rRNA is the ribosomal RNA that makes up the ribosome

199
Q

role of transcription and translation in central dogma

A

to turn DNA into RNA into Proteins that code for traits

200
Q

what happens in transcription

A

RNA binds to DNA at the promoter, then RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and connects complementary bases forming mRNA. mRNA then leaves the nucleus and connects to the ribosome.

201
Q

where does transcription occur

A

the nucleus

202
Q

What happens in translation

A

the anticodon on tRNA and start codon on mRNA bond together, then the ribosome reads the next codon and tRNA connects to it. The amino acids bond together and the tRNA leaves, this process repeats until the ribosome reads the stop codon, meaning that the strand of amino acids is done.

203
Q

where does translation occur

A

the ribosome

204
Q

Description of a polypeptide in relation to a protein

A

Its the chain of amino acids that make up proteins

205
Q

What strand of DNA is used with a genetic table

A

mRNA

206
Q

DNA replication process

A

The helicase splits the strand and unwinds it, the polymerase creates complementary pairs for each strand. In the lagging strand, the pairs are in fragments, called Okazaki fragments, DNA ligate puts the fragments together

207
Q

What is an Okazaki fragment

A

a fragment of complementary pairs adding to the lagging strand during DNA replication

208
Q

Leading strand

A

one strand of DNA that starts with phosphate

209
Q

Lagging strand

A

one strand of DNA that starts with sugar

210
Q

autotroph

A

organisms that produce their own energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

211
Q

heterotroph

A

obtains food for metabolism

212
Q

steps to the scientific method

A

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, test

213
Q

hypothesis

A

a statement that tentatively answers the question, must be testable, must be an if (independent variable, general and not specific)-then (prediction conclussion or dependent variable) statement

214
Q

theory’s

A

eventually if the hypothesis/es are accepted multiple times can be moved to a theory, which is a group of related hypotheses which have withstood numerous experimental testing over long periods of time (100s of years)

215
Q

control group

A

used for a basis of comparison (negative control- sets the baseline and shows what would occur if the independent variable has no effect. positive control- shows what could occur/ “optimal” outcome)

216
Q

experimental group

A

the group(s) that are manipulated or changed in the experiment

217
Q

8 characteristics of life

A

made up of cells
response to stimuli
homeostasis
metabolism
growth and development
reproduction
evolve (populations)
universal genetic code

218
Q

codons and anticodons

A

codons signal to start adding amino acids to a protein chain and anticodons stop the chain

219
Q

how to use a genetic table

A

you start with mRNA and split up the codons into the 3 and you use the chart to match the letter to the type of amino acid

220
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Species are similar in appearance despite differences in where they live (closely related but different ex. Galapagos finches, sent an essay to darwin which had the same theory (1859)

221
Q

Darwins book

A

Origin of Species publish 1859

222
Q

DNA / amino acid analysis and common ancestry

A

those with a common evolutionary origin in genes and proteins have similar sequences of amino acids and DNA, are closely related, and have a more recent common ancestor
different sequences of amino acids and DNA, less related and diverged from a common ancestor much longer ago

223
Q

What is an advantage of building a cladogram or phylogenetic trees using DNA comparisons rather than anatomical features

A

DNA is a more specific and reliable source to compare rather than anatomical features. it allows for more detailed groupings than just using anatomical features

224
Q

Cell specialization and differentiation

A

The process of unspecialized cells becoming specialized by genes turning on and off. Specialization is when a stem cell becomes a specialized cell such as a brain cell

Accel Biology (5 decks)

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