Hardy-Weinberg

Question 1

Phenotype

Answer 1

the physical characteristics of a species

Question 2

Genotype

Answer 2

combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a given gene

Question 3

Gene Pool

Answer 3

all of the genes of all the members of a population

Question 4

Allele

Answer 4

different versions of a gene

Question 5

Phenotype Frequency

Answer 5

number of times a phenotype occurs within a population

Question 6

genotype frequency

Answer 6

number of times a genotype occurs within a population

Question 7

Allele frequency

Answer 7

number of times an allele occurs within a population

Question 8

4 main sources of genetic variation

Answer 8

mutation, lateral gene transfer, migration, sexual reproduction

Question 9

lateral gene transfer

Answer 9

horizontal, between organisms in the same generation

Question 10

migration

Answer 10

moving from one area to another area

Question 11

sexual reproduction

Answer 11

gamete formation through miosis

Question 12

Concept of hardy-weinberg

Answer 12

For a population to maintain equilibrium, certain conditions must be met, and that will stop evolution. The population has gene/allele frequencies that do not change. The population cannot evolve and there is no change happening. Although, this is impossible. We have proved gene frequencies must change from generation to generation.

Question 13

5 criteria to meet for hardy-weinberg

Answer 13

no new mutations, no natural selection, no migration, large population, and random mating

Question 14

concept of genetic equilibrium

Answer 14

gene and allele frequencies do not change and evolution does not occur

Question 15

Hardy-Weinberg equations

Answer 15

p+q=1
p=dominant allele frequency
q=recessice allele frequency
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
p^2=dominant homozygous frequency
q^2= recessive homozygous frequency
2pq=heterozygous frequency

Question 16

Genetic drift

Answer 16

A change in gene frequency due to a random event, like natural disasters

Question 17

Why is genetic drift more susceptible to small populations

Answer 17

smaller frequencies are easier to change

Question 18

why can genetic drift lead to extinction

Answer 18

it leads to less variation and they are not as likely to be able to adapt to the environmental changes

Question 19

bottleneck effect

Answer 19

very large population is reduced to a small population by a natural disaster, loss of alleles leads to reduced gene pool, part of genetic drift

Question 20

founder effect

Answer 20

a few individuals from the original large population break away to form a new population, gene pool of following generations is based on the founding population, part of genetic drift.

Question 21

gene flow

Answer 21

Movement of genes from one population to another population. 2 types immigration and emigration. Gene pools become more and more similar and could become one population.

Question 22

immigration

Answer 22

move into a population

Question 23

emigration

Answer 23

move out of a population

Question 24

the heterozygous advantage in sickle cell anemia

Answer 24

aa is fatal because it causes the blood cells to clump and collapse so there is no oxygen available
AA is more susceptible to malaria
Aa is resistant to malaria and has only mild sickle cell disease.

Question 25

stabilizing selection

Answer 25

the sweet spot is right in the middle, those who have the "middle" trait are more likely to survive

Question 26

disruptive selection

Answer 26

the sweet spot is the extreme left and right. Those who have the "left or right" trait are more likely to survive.

Question 27

directional selection

Answer 27

the sweet spot is either one side or the other. Those who have either the "left or the right" are more likely to survive.

Question 28

definition of a species

Answer 28

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural population which produce fertile offspring

Question 29

flaws to the definition of a species

Answer 29

those who reproduce asexually do not interbreed, therefore they do not fit under the definition.

Question 30

speciation

Answer 30

how new species form

Question 31

process of allopatric

Answer 31

speciation due to a geographic barrier

Question 32

temporal isolation

Answer 32

different times of reproduction

Question 33

behavioral isolation

Answer 33

different behaviors and rituals like courtship

Question 34

speciation with Galapagos finches

Answer 34

geographic isolation and the founder effect

Question 35

convergent evolution

Answer 35

similar environmental pressures, two species become more closely similar, but never one species

Question 36

divergent evolution

Answer 36

different environmental pressures, one species breaks off into two different species

Question 37

adaptive radiation

Answer 37

different environmental pressures, one species breaks off into multiple different species

Question 38

coevolution

Answer 38

change in response to each other, birds and flowers, bacteria and antibiotics

Question 39

3 key elements that must occur for a new species to form

Answer 39

separated geographically, reproductive isolation, populations get new niches

Question 40

definition of evolution

Answer 40

change in gene frequencies in a population from generation to generation

Question 41

mechanisms of evolution

Answer 41

natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift

Question 42

what does natural selection act on

Answer 42

phenotypes

Question 43

what does a greater genetic variation in a population mean

Answer 43

a wide range of phenotypes

Question 44

do individuals evolve

Answer 44

no, populations do

Question 45

what did the hardy-weinberg equilibrium prove

Answer 45

populations have to evolve because all five conditions cannot happen simultaneously. That proves that gene frequencies change from generation to generation

Question 46

can a population get rid of the recessive allele in a gene pool

Answer 46

it is very unlikely because even if the population of them get very low, there will still be Rr

Question 47

hardy-weinberg equilibrium must occur in populations where

Answer 47

an allele remains fixed, natural selection is not operating

Question 48

parts of an HIV cell and what they do

Answer 48

attacks white blood cells, weakens a person's immune system, and makes them more susceptible to infections. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 49

Modern synthesis

Answer 49

it incorporates genetics and population biology into natural selection, thomas hunt morgan and theodosius dohzhansky worked together. It says that mutations create variation and most have no effect

Question 50

how is modern synthesis different from darwins theory?

Answer 50

It recognizes the importance of mutations to variation, incorporates other methods of evolution, and says that speciation occurs due to an accumulation of mutations and genetic change