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Accel Biology > Evolution and Natural Selection > Flashcards

Evolution and Natural Selection Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryotes

A

a single-celled organism without a nucleus

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2
Q

plasmids

A

small loops of DNA that are separate from bacterial DNA that contain R-factors

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3
Q

R-factors

A

resistance genes that allow for antibiotic resistance

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4
Q

flagella

A

a tiny tail-like structure that provides movement

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5
Q

pilli

A

allow for attachment to surfaces

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6
Q

binary fission

A

how bacteria reproduce, duplicate, and split into two, asexual

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7
Q

mutation (gaining antibiotics)

A

plasmids have mutations that lead to resistance and are then passed on through reproduction

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8
Q

conjunction

A

sharing of plasmid with an R-factor between bacteria, they connect with a pilus

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9
Q

transformation

A

bacteria acquiring “naked” DNA from the environment

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10
Q

transduction

A

bacteria acquiring DNA from a virus

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11
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

generation to generation (mutation)

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12
Q

lateral gene transfer

A

within the same generation (conjunction, transduction, transformation)

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13
Q

James Hutton

A

“Father of Modern Geology”, the earth is continually changing by gradualism, the earth is much older than what the church said

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14
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

developed paleontology, comparative anatomy, he believed in catastrophism, he was opposed to evolution

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15
Q

catastrophism

A

violent catastrophes led to most animals dying and forming fossils

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16
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

“Father of taxonomy”, came up with the system to name and classify organisms, grouped by physical similarities, opposed to evolution

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17
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Geology, processes are gradual, uniformitarianism, earth is older than what the church says

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18
Q

Lamarck

A

Organisms are driven towards perfection, use and disuse, acquired characteristics, the first proposal for evolution

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19
Q

use and disuse

A

body structures that are used more frequently become larger and those not used become smaller

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20
Q

acquired characteristics

A

traits acquired during a lifetime would be passed on to the next generation

21
Q

was Lamarck’s theory proven wrong?

A

yes, both use and disuse, and acquired characteristics are false

22
Q

why was Lamarck’s theory important

A

It was the first proposal for a mechanism of evolution

23
Q

4 steps of natural selection

A

genetic variation in a population, environmental change leaving more organisms than can survive, survival of the fittest, favorable trait survives, reproduction, the trait is passed on spreading it through the species

24
Q

how is natural selection different from Lamarck’s theory

A

they adapt because of the environment, not because they use a certain structure more than another

25
Q

gradualism

A

Evolution is a slow continuous process overtime

26
Q

descent with modification

A

all species have descended from one common ancestor

27
Q

what did Darwin not understand when developing his theory

A

genetics

28
Q

voyage on the beagle

A

the goal of the trio was to map the coastline of South America, he went to the mainland and explored species

29
Q

Lyell’s Principles of Geology

A

expanded on James Hutton’s view on the Earth being older than what the church said

30
Q

uniformitarianism

A

the same geological processes that are forming the earth today are the same as in the past

31
Q

What did Darwin’s collection of finches show

A

Originally it was thought that the birds were different species, but then it was hypothesized that they diverged to fit their island and descended from one common ancestor

32
Q

Thomas Malthus essay

A

says that the human population will grow faster than the resources available which will lead to war, famine, and disease. Lead Darwin to conclude that a struggle occurs for all populations

33
Q

Role of mutation in natural selection

A

it creates the genetic variation that allows the organisms to adapt

34
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

short rapid periods of evolution followed by long periods of no change

35
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of where organisms live now and in the past, shows similarities despite differences in where they live

36
Q

How are fossils formed

A

organisms become buried in sediment, calcium in bone mineralizes (hardens), surrounding sediment hardens to form rock

37
Q

why are the fossil records incomplete

A

most organisms decomposed or were eaten

38
Q

Steno’s Law of Superposition

A

the lowest stratum in the rock is the oldest and the top layers are the most recent

39
Q

Transitional fossils

A

forms a series that traces the evolution of modern species from an ancestor (intermediate forms of the species)

40
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that are different in function and appearance but have similar structures

41
Q

how can homologous structures show common ancestry

A

shows organisms have a recent common ancestor and evolved different functions due to different environmental pressures

42
Q

Analogous structures

A

structures that have a similar appearance and function, but different structures

43
Q

vestigial organs/parts

A

a structure that no longer has a purpose, but were thought to have one at one point

44
Q

how can vestigial parts show common ancestry

A

they can connect species to one another because there could be remnants of a body part that they could of had at one point, that another organism has or also had

45
Q

what do similar sequences of amino acids and DNA for the same gene show

A

Shows common ancestry

46
Q

Homologous proteins

A

they share extensive structural and chemical similarities

47
Q

antifreeze gene in icefish

A

a gene was duplicated creating a new protein that prevents crystallization of the blood

48
Q

disappearance of hemoglobin in icefish

A

a mutation within the DNA sequence occurred, knocking out the ability for the hemoglobin to do its job

Accel Biology (5 decks)

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