Characteristics of life, structure of DNA, and protein synthesis

Question 1

multicellular vs. unicellular

Answer 1

multicellular is composed of multiple cells and unicellular is composed of one cell

Question 2

role of organelles and molecules within cells

Answer 2

am organelle is a structure within a cell that performs a specific function, molecules are within cells and organelles, and they provide energy use (ATP), structure (proteins), and other functions (DNA)

Question 3

example of blood glucose levels in regard to homeostasis

Answer 3

You eat sugars and the levels go up, then your pancreas releases insulin and your liver and body cells store glucose causing the levels to go down

Question 4

example of body temperature in regard to homeostasis

Answer 4

Body temperature= 37 degrees celsius

The ability to keep a stable internal temperature despite external changes.

Walking outside and you your temperature rises so you sweat to keep you internal temperature down

Question 5

cellular respiration

Answer 5

transforming the food consumed into energy for cells (food –> ATP)

Question 6

photosynthesis

Answer 6

the suns energy converted into sugars (glucose)

Question 7

growth of a living organism vs. a non-living structure

Answer 7

growth of a living organism results from the division and enlargement of cells (cell division)

Growth of a non-living structure comes from accumulation, like an icicle accumulating water

Question 8

role of turning genes on and off

Answer 8

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter turning on the gene and when it is not bonded it turns it off

Question 9

the basic role of stem cells

Answer 9

to provide new cells for the body to be specialized

Question 10

sexual vs. asexual reproduction

Answer 10

sexual reproduction is the combination of genetic material from 2 organisms of the same species

asexual reproduction creates a clone and genetic material is passed on exactly the same

Question 11

Function of DNA

Answer 11

stores genetic information within cells

Question 12

Function of RNA

Answer 12

It carries the DNA message out of the nucleus

Question 13

Where is DNA located

Answer 13

the cell nucleus

Question 14

where is RNA located

Answer 14

the nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 15

5 differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 15

DNA has Thymine and RNA has Uracil

DNA is 2 strands and RNA is 1

DNA is made up of deoxyribose sugar and RNA is made up of ribose sugar

DNA stores genetic information and RNA carries DNA’s message

DNA is located in the cell of the nucleus and RNA is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 16

3 components of nucleotides

Answer 16

nitrogenous base, phosphate, and sugar

Question 17

importance of hydrogen bonds

Answer 17

hydrogen bonds keep the base pairs together but are weak enough to split when the DNA needs to be used

Question 18

importance of covalent bonds

Answer 18

they hold together the sugar and phosphate and are strong enough so they can not break apart

Question 19

purines

Answer 19

Adenine and Guanine, they are larger and have a 2 ring structure

Question 20

pyrimidines

Answer 20

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil, they are smaller and have a 1 ring structure

Question 21

Complementary base pairing

Answer 21

When the sequence of each strand determines the sequence of the other.

Question 22

which bases go together

Answer 22

in DNA adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine pair together. It is the same in RNA except its uracil instead of thymine

Question 23

difference between r and s strains in Griffiths experiment

Answer 23

r strands are rough strains that do not kill the mice, s strains are smooth strains that are deadly to mice

Question 24

Why was the result for Heat killed S mixed with living R so surprising

Answer 24

because alone each kept the mice alive, but together it killed the mouse

Question 25

What was Griffiths conclusion

Answer 25

there is a transforming principle that is transferred when they are combined which causes the mice to die.

Question 26

Role of DNase, RNase, and Protease

Answer 26

They are enzymes that disable RNA, DNA, and proteins, when mixed with the mixture of the heat-killed s strain and live r strain

Question 27

What was the basic process of Avery’s experiment

Answer 27

He injected the mice with a mixture of the 2 strains and added different enzymes to see what the transforming element was.

Question 28

What was Avery’s conclusion

Answer 28

DNA is the transforming principle

Question 29

Number of base pairs in human cells

Answer 29

3 billion

Question 30

Number of chromosomes in human cells

Answer 30

46

Question 31

Definition of a gene

Answer 31

A segment of DNA that under goes transcription and translation to form a protein (traits)

Question 32

The approximate number of genes in humans

Answer 32

20,000-25,000

Question 33

semi-conservative replication

Answer 33

When DNA replicates, it saves half of the parental strand and uses it as a template for new strands

Question 34

how was semi-conservative replication shown in the Meselson and Stahl experiment

Answer 34

They used N^15 and N^14 to see how it replicates. They spun it in a tube to see the combination of the two. The results showed that after one generation there was an even mixture of both elements. The second generation showed that there was 50% N^14 and 50% a mixture of both. semi-conservative is the only replication process that fits this model.

Question 35

Differences between mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

Answer 35

mRNA is the messenger RNA that leaves the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome, tRNA is the transfer RNA that transfers the amino acids, and rRNA is the ribosomal RNA that makes up the ribosome

Question 36

role of transcription and translation in central dogma

Answer 36

to turn DNA into RNA into Proteins that code for traits

Question 37

what happens in transcription

Answer 37

RNA binds to DNA at the promoter, then RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and connects complementary bases forming mRNA. mRNA then leaves the nucleus and connects to the ribosome.

Question 38

where does transcription occur

Answer 38

the nucleus

Question 39

What happens in translation

Answer 39

the anticodon on tRNA and start codon on mRNA bond together, then the ribosome reads the next codon and tRNA connects to it. The amino acids bond together and the tRNA leaves, this process repeats until the ribosome reads the stop codon, meaning that the strand of amino acids is done.

Question 40

where does translation occur

Answer 40

the ribosome

Question 41

Description of a polypeptide in relation to a protein

Answer 41

Its the chain of amino acids that make up proteins

Question 42

What strand of DNA is used with a genetic table

Answer 42

mRNA

Question 43

DNA replication process

Answer 43

The helicase splits the strand and unwinds it, the polymerase creates complementary pairs for each strand. In the lagging strand, the pairs are in fragments, called Okazaki fragments, DNA ligate puts the fragments together

Question 44

What is an Okazaki fragment

Answer 44

a fragment of complementary pairs adding to the lagging strand during DNA replication

Question 45

Leading strand

Answer 45

one strand of DNA that starts with phosphate

Question 46

Lagging strand

Answer 46

one strand of DNA that starts with sugar

Question 47

Lagging strand

Answer 47

one strand of DNA that starts with sugar