Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Taxonomy

A

branch of biology that names and groups organisms, the current term is systematics/cladistics

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2
Q

Morphology

A

physical characteristics

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3
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history

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4
Q

history of taxonomy

A

In the 16th and 17th centuries, many new organisms were discovered. This led to many problems. Common names were used. Those common names changed from location to location, they did not accurately describe the organism, and different species shared the same common names. They began assigning Latin and Greek names.

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5
Q

work of Aristotle

A

Classified living organisms as either plant or animal (blood or no blood). Grouped those based on land, air, or water dwellers.

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6
Q

why Aristotle’s system became inaccurate

A

some organisms lived/used multiple of the land, water, and air options, like frogs

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7
Q

work of Carolus Linnaeus

A

In the 1730s Carolus Linnaeus created a universal system of naming that is still used today. It grouped organisms into hierarchical categories. It went from broad to specific. The system was based on morphology.

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8
Q

work of Carl Woese

A

Carl Woese used DNA sequencing when he found that there were two very distinct groups of bacteria. So, he proposed that a new domain should be added, Archaea.

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9
Q

when and why did the 5 kingdom system come about

A

In the 1950s and 60s, they realized the system was failing and in the 1970s the new system was widely accepted. It was changed because most biologists came to the realization that this system failed to accommodate the fungi, protists, and bacteria

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10
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Animalia, Plantae, Bacteria, Fungi,, Protista

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11
Q

Linnaeus’ hierarchy system

A

7 taxa; kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species; two kingdom; plantae, animalia, broad to specific, morphology

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12
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

Two part name for each species, universally used, genus name comes first, then species. Genus capitalized, species lowercase. Written underlines, typed italicized

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13
Q

when and why did the domain system come about

A

In the late 1970s because there were two distinct groups among the prokaryotes, according to genetic makeup. One of the groups produced methane.

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14
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

shows evolutionary relationships amongst a group of organisms, represents a hypothesis, shows speciation,

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15
Q

evidence used to construct a phylogenetic tree

A

the fossil record, morphology: comparison of homologous structure, the greater number of similarities close related. embryological development, and shared features.

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16
Q

difference between taxonomy and systematics

A

taxonomy uses morphology, has a two-kingdom system, and has no domain. Systematics uses phylogeny, a 5-kingdom system, and has domain.

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17
Q

cladistics

A

based on two principles, clade and derived characters

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18
Q

clade

A

a group that indicates the common ancestor and all of its descendants, living or non-living

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19
Q

derived characters

A

a trait that arises within a group of organisms and remains in all descendants, can be lost

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20
Q

node

A

spot where species break off

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21
Q

Archaea

A

a domain of archaea that can live in extreme environments, similar to bacteria in some ways

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22
Q

habitats of archaea

A

extreme environments like hot springs, glaciers, bottom of the sea, acidic water

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23
Q

how were archaea discovered

A

through Carl Woese’s research

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24
Q

why was rna used by woese

A

ribosomal rna contains most of the chemical composition and doesn’t change much over time

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25
Q

tree of life general shape

A

bacteria on one branch, archaea branching off with eukarya on the other side

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26
Q

protist habitats

A

most habitats are aquatic, freshwater and salt water

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27
Q

heterotrophic and autotrophic

A

heterotropic is obtaining food for metabolism, autotrophic is producing own energy through photosynthesis (chloroplasts)

28
Q

protist reproduction

A

a-sexual, binary fission grows and splits. Sexual, alternation of generations (water molds) alternate between sexual and asexual. Conjugation, (not reproduction) exchange in genetic information to increase genetic variation

29
Q

contractile vacuoules

A

Contractile vacuoles is a space within an organism that contracts to release fluid from the organism. Usually water is released. This helps with water balance inside of the cell. This allows the organism to survive under hypotonic stress. Hypotonic stress occurs in a hypotonic environment which is where the solute concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell.

30
Q

ameoba pseudopod

A

Psuedopods are used for locomotion and digestion. Cytoplasmic flow creates psuedopods, the psuedopod becomes ectoplasm, an exterior gel, and the endoplasm, or interior fluid is pulled toward the psuedopod. Psuedopod means false foot.

31
Q

phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis happens during movement when the amoeba comes in contact with food. The psuedopods move around the food to surround and trap it. An opening in the cell membrane allows the food into the cell and it can be digested.

32
Q

cilia

A

A paramecium moves by the cilia located on the cell membrane. Cilia are microscopic, chort hair-like structures. There are lots of them found on the paramecium. These cilia move in unison to help propel the organism through the fluid. A common analogy is oars on a boat.

33
Q

volvox colonial organism

A

The volvox is a parent colony housing daughter colonies. There can be 500-60000 cells within each colony inside of the volvox. The volvox is a green algae and each cell within the volvox contains two flagella. It is considered a colonial organism because of the daughter colonies within it.

34
Q

volvox locomotion

A

volvox move by the two flagella located on every somatic cell within the organism. All the flagella move together to move the volvox toward the light.

35
Q

euglena photosynthetic

A

Euglena can perform photosynthesis because they have chloroplasts in the cell. This means they are autotrophs because they can use photosynthesis and energy from light as a food source. When euglena does not have access to sunlight they are heterotrophs.

36
Q

how do euglena move

A

flagella

37
Q

Trypanosoma host

A

humans

38
Q

Trypanosoma vectors

A

tsetse fly and “kissing bug”

39
Q

Trypanosoma diseases it causes

A

African sleeping disease and Chagas disease

40
Q

plasmodium host

A

humans

41
Q

plasmodium vector

A

anopheles mosquito, females only

42
Q

plasmodium spores

A

no means of locomotion, travels through spores- infected form covered by protective coat

43
Q

domain for protists

A

eukarya

44
Q

amoeba clade

A

amoebozoa

45
Q

paramecium clade

A

chromalveolates

46
Q

euglena clade

A

excatvates

47
Q

diatoms clade

A

chromalveolates

48
Q

Trypanosoma clade

A

excavates

49
Q

plasmodium clade

A

chromalveolates

50
Q

reason classification is going through revolutionary changes within protists

A

organisms within a kingdom should be more similar than members of other kingdoms, not true for protists

51
Q

what is a vector

A

a carrier of a disease

52
Q

protists of african sleeping disease

A

trypanosoma

53
Q

protist of chagas

A

trypanasomi cruzi

54
Q

protist of malaria

A

plasmodium falciparum

55
Q

general life cycle of plasmodium

A

infected mosquito, bites someones, saliva goes into boold stream (sporozoite), becomes moerozoite in liver, enters blood stream (symptoms), merozoites can become gamocytes, gametes goes into mosquito, goes into the gut, gamete production.

56
Q

sporozoite

A

infected form

57
Q

gametocyte

A

reproductive stage

58
Q

merozoite

A

form that infects the red blood cells of the host

59
Q

2 main groups of parasitic protists

A

saromastisophora (excavates) move by flagella
apicomplexa (chromalveolates) spores

60
Q

African sleeping disease stages

A

Trypanosoma multiplies in blood and lymph nodes (treatable) then Trypanosoma crosses the blood-brain barrier (lethal)

61
Q

chagas stages

A

first stage, acute stage) can last up to two months, circulates in blood. second stage (chronic phase) hides in heart and digestive muscles (cardiac issues)

62
Q

is amino acid or dna sequence more accurate for cladograms

A

dna sequences because they have more information that is relevant and show mutations

63
Q

goal of phylogenetic systematics

A

to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent rather than similarities and differences

64
Q

in what ways was the early naming of organisms inadequate

A

common names changes from location to location, did not accurately describe the organism, different species may have the same common name, latin and greek names were too long and too descriptive

65
Q

division

A

term used instead of phylum in the plant kingdom