Classification

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

branch of biology that names and groups organisms, the current term is systematics/cladistics

Question 2

Morphology

Answer 2

physical characteristics

Question 3

phylogeny

Answer 3

evolutionary history

Question 4

history of taxonomy

Answer 4

In the 16th and 17th centuries, many new organisms were discovered. This led to many problems. Common names were used. Those common names changed from location to location, they did not accurately describe the organism, and different species shared the same common names. They began assigning Latin and Greek names.

Question 5

work of Aristotle

Answer 5

Classified living organisms as either plant or animal (blood or no blood). Grouped those based on land, air, or water dwellers.

Question 6

why Aristotle’s system became inaccurate

Answer 6

some organisms lived/used multiple of the land, water, and air options, like frogs

Question 7

work of Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 7

In the 1730s Carolus Linnaeus created a universal system of naming that is still used today. It grouped organisms into hierarchical categories. It went from broad to specific. The system was based on morphology.

Question 8

work of Carl Woese

Answer 8

Carl Woese used DNA sequencing when he found that there were two very distinct groups of bacteria. So, he proposed that a new domain should be added, Archaea.

Question 9

when and why did the 5 kingdom system come about

Answer 9

In the 1950s and 60s, they realized the system was failing and in the 1970s the new system was widely accepted. It was changed because most biologists came to the realization that this system failed to accommodate the fungi, protists, and bacteria

Question 10

What are the 5 kingdoms

Answer 10

Animalia, Plantae, Bacteria, Fungi,, Protista

Question 11

Linnaeus’ hierarchy system

Answer 11

7 taxa; kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species; two kingdom; plantae, animalia, broad to specific, morphology

Question 12

binomial nomenclature

Answer 12

Two part name for each species, universally used, genus name comes first, then species. Genus capitalized, species lowercase. Written underlines, typed italicized

Question 13

when and why did the domain system come about

Answer 13

In the late 1970s because there were two distinct groups among the prokaryotes, according to genetic makeup. One of the groups produced methane.

Question 14

phylogenetic tree

Answer 14

shows evolutionary relationships amongst a group of organisms, represents a hypothesis, shows speciation,

Question 15

evidence used to construct a phylogenetic tree

Answer 15

the fossil record, morphology: comparison of homologous structure, the greater number of similarities close related. embryological development, and shared features.

Question 16

difference between taxonomy and systematics

Answer 16

taxonomy uses morphology, has a two-kingdom system, and has no domain. Systematics uses phylogeny, a 5-kingdom system, and has domain.

Question 17

cladistics

Answer 17

based on two principles, clade and derived characters

Question 18

clade

Answer 18

a group that indicates the common ancestor and all of its descendants, living or non-living

Question 19

derived characters

Answer 19

a trait that arises within a group of organisms and remains in all descendants, can be lost

Question 20

node

Answer 20

spot where species break off

Question 21

Archaea

Answer 21

a domain of archaea that can live in extreme environments, similar to bacteria in some ways

Question 22

habitats of archaea

Answer 22

extreme environments like hot springs, glaciers, bottom of the sea, acidic water

Question 23

how were archaea discovered

Answer 23

through Carl Woese’s research

Question 24

why was rna used by woese

Answer 24

ribosomal rna contains most of the chemical composition and doesn’t change much over time

Question 25

tree of life general shape

Answer 25

bacteria on one branch, archaea branching off with eukarya on the other side

Question 26

protist habitats

Answer 26

most habitats are aquatic, freshwater and salt water

Question 27

heterotrophic and autotrophic

Answer 27

heterotropic is obtaining food for metabolism, autotrophic is producing own energy through photosynthesis (chloroplasts)

Question 28

protist reproduction

Answer 28

a-sexual, binary fission grows and splits. Sexual, alternation of generations (water molds) alternate between sexual and asexual. Conjugation, (not reproduction) exchange in genetic information to increase genetic variation

Question 29

contractile vacuoules

Answer 29

Contractile vacuoles is a space within an organism that contracts to release fluid from the organism. Usually water is released. This helps with water balance inside of the cell. This allows the organism to survive under hypotonic stress. Hypotonic stress occurs in a hypotonic environment which is where the solute concentration outside the cell is less than inside the cell.

Question 30

ameoba pseudopod

Answer 30

Psuedopods are used for locomotion and digestion. Cytoplasmic flow creates psuedopods, the psuedopod becomes ectoplasm, an exterior gel, and the endoplasm, or interior fluid is pulled toward the psuedopod. Psuedopod means false foot.

Question 31

phagocytosis

Answer 31

Phagocytosis happens during movement when the amoeba comes in contact with food. The psuedopods move around the food to surround and trap it. An opening in the cell membrane allows the food into the cell and it can be digested.

Question 32

cilia

Answer 32

A paramecium moves by the cilia located on the cell membrane. Cilia are microscopic, chort hair-like structures. There are lots of them found on the paramecium. These cilia move in unison to help propel the organism through the fluid. A common analogy is oars on a boat.

Question 33

volvox colonial organism

Answer 33

The volvox is a parent colony housing daughter colonies. There can be 500-60000 cells within each colony inside of the volvox. The volvox is a green algae and each cell within the volvox contains two flagella. It is considered a colonial organism because of the daughter colonies within it.

Question 34

volvox locomotion

Answer 34

volvox move by the two flagella located on every somatic cell within the organism. All the flagella move together to move the volvox toward the light.

Question 35

euglena photosynthetic

Answer 35

Euglena can perform photosynthesis because they have chloroplasts in the cell. This means they are autotrophs because they can use photosynthesis and energy from light as a food source. When euglena does not have access to sunlight they are heterotrophs.

Question 36

how do euglena move

Answer 36

flagella

Question 37

Trypanosoma host

Answer 37

humans

Question 38

Trypanosoma vectors

Answer 38

tsetse fly and "kissing bug"

Question 39

Trypanosoma diseases it causes

Answer 39

African sleeping disease and Chagas disease

Question 40

plasmodium host

Answer 40

humans

Question 41

plasmodium vector

Answer 41

anopheles mosquito, females only

Question 42

plasmodium spores

Answer 42

no means of locomotion, travels through spores- infected form covered by protective coat

Question 43

domain for protists

Answer 43

eukarya

Question 44

amoeba clade

Answer 44

amoebozoa

Question 45

paramecium clade

Answer 45

chromalveolates

Question 46

euglena clade

Answer 46

excatvates

Question 47

diatoms clade

Answer 47

chromalveolates

Question 48

Trypanosoma clade

Answer 48

excavates

Question 49

plasmodium clade

Answer 49

chromalveolates

Question 50

reason classification is going through revolutionary changes within protists

Answer 50

organisms within a kingdom should be more similar than members of other kingdoms, not true for protists

Question 51

what is a vector

Answer 51

a carrier of a disease

Question 52

protists of african sleeping disease

Answer 52

trypanosoma

Question 53

protist of chagas

Answer 53

trypanasomi cruzi

Question 54

protist of malaria

Answer 54

plasmodium falciparum

Question 55

general life cycle of plasmodium

Answer 55

infected mosquito, bites someones, saliva goes into boold stream (sporozoite), becomes moerozoite in liver, enters blood stream (symptoms), merozoites can become gamocytes, gametes goes into mosquito, goes into the gut, gamete production.

Question 56

sporozoite

Answer 56

infected form

Question 57

gametocyte

Answer 57

reproductive stage

Question 58

merozoite

Answer 58

form that infects the red blood cells of the host

Question 59

2 main groups of parasitic protists

Answer 59

saromastisophora (excavates) move by flagella apicomplexa (chromalveolates) spores

Question 60

African sleeping disease stages

Answer 60

Trypanosoma multiplies in blood and lymph nodes (treatable) then Trypanosoma crosses the blood-brain barrier (lethal)

Question 61

chagas stages

Answer 61

first stage, acute stage) can last up to two months, circulates in blood. second stage (chronic phase) hides in heart and digestive muscles (cardiac issues)

Question 62

is amino acid or dna sequence more accurate for cladograms

Answer 62

dna sequences because they have more information that is relevant and show mutations

Question 63

goal of phylogenetic systematics

Answer 63

to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent rather than similarities and differences

Question 64

in what ways was the early naming of organisms inadequate

Answer 64

common names changes from location to location, did not accurately describe the organism, different species may have the same common name, latin and greek names were too long and too descriptive

Question 65

division

Answer 65

term used instead of phylum in the plant kingdom