semester 2 final review Flashcards by Kim Crouse

What kind of cell has DNA in a nucleus?

eukaryote

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Give an example of a prokaryote.

bacteria

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What is the function of the nucleus?

store DNA

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What are the two structures in the nucleus, and what each each made of?

nucleolus - RNA

chromatin - DNA

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What organelle breaks down other organelles that are no longer useful?

lysosome

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What organelle produces proteins using the DNA code?

ribosomes

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Trace the path of protein being produced and used in a cell

ribosomes - ER - Golgi

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What organelle burns food and turns food energy into a compound that the body can use?

mitochondrion

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What organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

cell wall, chloroplasts, large water vacuole

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What is the difference between the cell wall and the cell membrane?

membrane - selectively permeable

wall - rigid for support

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What is the cell’s boundary from its environment?

cell membrane

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What causes diffusion?

kinetic theory - molecules are always in motion and colliding so they spread out from high to low concentration

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What means of particle transport requires energy from the cell?

active transport - endocytosis, exocytosis and ion pumps

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What is it called when a cell actively surrounds and engulfs material?

endocytosis

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Where is the energy stored in ATP, and how is it released?

phosphate bonds have the energy - must break a phosphate off to release energy

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What is photosynthesis?

the process used by autotrophs to make food (carbohydrates) from sunlight, CO2, and H2O

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What is the equation for respiration?

C6H12O6 +O2 yields CO2 + H2O

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What are the reactants in respiration?

glucose sugar (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)

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Why is cellular respiration sometimes called an aerobic process?

uses oxygen

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What organelle is where photosynthesis occurs?

What organelle is where respiration occurs?

photosynthesis - chloroplasts

respiration - mitochondria

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What are the two types of fermentation (anaerobic respiration)?

lactic acid fermentation

2. alcoholic fermentation

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What holds the two sister chromatids together in a replicated chromosome?

centromere

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What are the two halves of a replicated chromosome?

sister chromatids

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During what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell?

metaphase

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What are the phases of mitosis in order?

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

What is the role of the spindle fibers during mitosis?

they move and separate the chromosomes

Cancer is a disorder where some cells have lost their ability to control their what?

growth rate and division

A mass of cells formed by cancer is called a what?

tumor

Gametes have how many alleles for a trait?

What is a mule called since it is a mixture of a horse and a donkey?

hybrid

A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant. What is the probability that the offspring will be tall?

Tt crossed with tt gives a 50% chance of tall and a 50% chance of short

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a trait are called what?

homozygous

How many different allele combinations would be in the gametes of a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY?

RY and rY - 2 different possibilities

What process produces gametes?

meiosis

What is it called when chromosomes overlap and exchange segments of DNA?

crossing over

What stores information in a cell?

DNA

What are the DNA nucleotides?

sugar - phosphate and base | 4 bases are A,T,G, and C - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

What sugar is in RNA?

ribose

What bases are in RNA?

A,U,G, and C - adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine

During replication A bonds with what? G bonds with what?

A-T and G-C

When DNA is replicated, CTAGGT would produce what?

GATCCA

What type of RNA brings the information in the genetic code to the ribosome?

mRNA - messenger

How many main types of RNA are there?

3 - messenger, transfer, and ribosomal

How many nucleotides are needed to code for one amino acid? three?

one amino acid takes 3 bases while three amino acids takes 9

Genes contain the instructions for assembling what?

proteins

How many chromosomes are in a "Normal" human karyotype?

Why does colorblindness show up more in males than females?

sex-linked recessive

Which genotypes are the same? IAIB and IBIB IBIB and IBi IBi and ii

IBIB and IBi are both B

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis is called what?

nondisjunction

Which one has a human baby never been born without, an X or a Y?

When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk, what are they practicing?

artificial selection

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, which organisms are most likely to survive?

the ones with traits most suited to their environment

What do we call organisms that break down dead organisms and wastes?

decomposers

How does sexual reproduction contribute to genetic diversity?

genes from two parents are mixed before being passed on

What is a difference between ATP and ADP

ATP - 3 phosphates and more energy | ADP - 2 phosphates and less energy

What allows plants to gather sunlight?

chlorophyll

Why do plants appear green?

Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs the rest

What does photosynthesis convert water and CO2 into?

sugar and oxygen

How might a plant help a candle burn longer?

Plants make oxygen which is required for a candle to burn.

What would happen to a plant if there was no CO2 in its atmosphere?

no sugar would be produced and it would die

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as light intensity is increased?

photosynthesis will increase and then level off

What is broken down during cellular respiration?

food

What is the difference between where respiration and photosynthesis occurs?

Respiration happens in all eukaryotic organisms while photosynthesis only occurs in some like plants.

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

produces variety

In what type of cells is the accurate transmission of genetic information most important?

sex cells (gametes)

What is true about the bases A-T and G-C in DNA?

percentage of A equals T | percentage of G equals C

What must happen to the DNA prior to cell division?

replication - copies exactly so that each new cell will get a full copy

What is DNA replication? Why is it called semiconservative?

making an exact copy of DNA - Each new molecule is made of an old and a new strand.

Why is it important that there are 64 codons coding for only 20 amino acids?

Different codons code for the same amino acid. Some mistakes actually end up making the correct amino acid.

What are the light absorbing molecules in plants?

pigments (chlorophyll)

Are a cow and yeast related? How can we tell?

yes - examine DNA to see how much is shared

What chemical is found in all organisms to serve as their code?

DNA