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biology > semester 2 final review > Flashcards

semester 2 final review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What kind of cell has DNA in a nucleus?

A

eukaryote

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2
Q

Give an example of a prokaryote.

A

bacteria

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

store DNA

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4
Q

What are the two structures in the nucleus, and what each each made of?

A

nucleolus - RNA

chromatin - DNA

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5
Q

What organelle breaks down other organelles that are no longer useful?

A

lysosome

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6
Q

What organelle produces proteins using the DNA code?

A

ribosomes

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7
Q

Trace the path of protein being produced and used in a cell

A

ribosomes - ER - Golgi

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8
Q

What organelle burns food and turns food energy into a compound that the body can use?

A

mitochondrion

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9
Q

What organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

A

cell wall, chloroplasts, large water vacuole

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10
Q

What is the difference between the cell wall and the cell membrane?

A

membrane - selectively permeable

wall - rigid for support

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11
Q

What is the cell’s boundary from its environment?

A

cell membrane

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12
Q

What causes diffusion?

A

kinetic theory - molecules are always in motion and colliding so they spread out from high to low concentration

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13
Q

What means of particle transport requires energy from the cell?

A

active transport - endocytosis, exocytosis and ion pumps

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14
Q

What is it called when a cell actively surrounds and engulfs material?

A

endocytosis

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15
Q

Where is the energy stored in ATP, and how is it released?

A

phosphate bonds have the energy - must break a phosphate off to release energy

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16
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

the process used by autotrophs to make food (carbohydrates) from sunlight, CO2, and H2O

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17
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 +O2 yields CO2 + H2O

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18
Q

What are the reactants in respiration?

A

glucose sugar (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)

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19
Q

Why is cellular respiration sometimes called an aerobic process?

A

uses oxygen

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20
Q

What organelle is where photosynthesis occurs?

What organelle is where respiration occurs?

A

photosynthesis - chloroplasts

respiration - mitochondria

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21
Q

What are the two types of fermentation (anaerobic respiration)?

A
  1. lactic acid fermentation

2. alcoholic fermentation

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22
Q

What holds the two sister chromatids together in a replicated chromosome?

A

centromere

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23
Q

What are the two halves of a replicated chromosome?

A

sister chromatids

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24
Q

During what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell?

A

metaphase

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25
Q

What are the phases of mitosis in order?

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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26
Q

What is the role of the spindle fibers during mitosis?

A

they move and separate the chromosomes

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27
Q

Cancer is a disorder where some cells have lost their ability to control their what?

A

growth rate and division

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28
Q

A mass of cells formed by cancer is called a what?

A

tumor

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29
Q

Gametes have how many alleles for a trait?

A

1

30
Q

What is a mule called since it is a mixture of a horse and a donkey?

A

hybrid

31
Q

A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant. What is the probability that the offspring will be tall?

A

Tt crossed with tt gives a 50% chance of tall and a 50% chance of short

32
Q

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a trait are called what?

A

homozygous

33
Q

How many different allele combinations would be in the gametes of a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY?

A

RY and rY - 2 different possibilities

34
Q

What process produces gametes?

A

meiosis

35
Q

What is it called when chromosomes overlap and exchange segments of DNA?

A

crossing over

36
Q

What stores information in a cell?

A

DNA

37
Q

What are the DNA nucleotides?

A

sugar - phosphate and base

4 bases are A,T,G, and C - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

38
Q

What sugar is in RNA?

A

ribose

39
Q

What bases are in RNA?

A

A,U,G, and C - adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine

40
Q

During replication A bonds with what? G bonds with what?

A

A-T and G-C

41
Q

When DNA is replicated, CTAGGT would produce what?

A

GATCCA

42
Q

What type of RNA brings the information in the genetic code to the ribosome?

A

mRNA - messenger

43
Q

How many main types of RNA are there?

A

3 - messenger, transfer, and ribosomal

44
Q

How many nucleotides are needed to code for one amino acid? three?

A

one amino acid takes 3 bases while three amino acids takes 9

45
Q

Genes contain the instructions for assembling what?

A

proteins

46
Q

How many chromosomes are in a “Normal” human karyotype?

A

46

47
Q

Why does colorblindness show up more in males than females?

A

sex-linked recessive

48
Q

Which genotypes are the same?
IAIB and IBIB
IBIB and IBi
IBi and ii

A

IBIB and IBi are both B

49
Q

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis is called what?

A

nondisjunction

50
Q

Which one has a human baby never been born without, an X or a Y?

A

X

51
Q

When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk, what are they practicing?

A

artificial selection

52
Q

According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which organisms are most likely to survive?

A

the ones with traits most suited to their environment

53
Q

What do we call organisms that break down dead organisms and wastes?

A

decomposers

54
Q

How does sexual reproduction contribute to genetic diversity?

A

genes from two parents are mixed before being passed on

55
Q

What is a difference between ATP and ADP

A

ATP - 3 phosphates and more energy

ADP - 2 phosphates and less energy

56
Q

What allows plants to gather sunlight?

A

chlorophyll

57
Q

Why do plants appear green?

A

Chlorophyll reflects green light and absorbs the rest

58
Q

What does photosynthesis convert water and CO2 into?

A

sugar and oxygen

59
Q

How might a plant help a candle burn longer?

A

Plants make oxygen which is required for a candle to burn.

60
Q

What would happen to a plant if there was no CO2 in its atmosphere?

A

no sugar would be produced and it would die

61
Q

What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as light intensity is increased?

A

photosynthesis will increase and then level off

62
Q

What is broken down during cellular respiration?

A

food

63
Q

What is the difference between where respiration and photosynthesis occurs?

A

Respiration happens in all eukaryotic organisms while photosynthesis only occurs in some like plants.

64
Q

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

produces variety

65
Q

In what type of cells is the accurate transmission of genetic information most important?

A

sex cells (gametes)

66
Q

What is true about the bases A-T and G-C in DNA?

A

percentage of A equals T

percentage of G equals C

67
Q

What must happen to the DNA prior to cell division?

A

replication - copies exactly so that each new cell will get a full copy

68
Q

What is DNA replication? Why is it called semiconservative?

A

making an exact copy of DNA - Each new molecule is made of an old and a new strand.

69
Q

Why is it important that there are 64 codons coding for only 20 amino acids?

A

Different codons code for the same amino acid. Some mistakes actually end up making the correct amino acid.

70
Q

What are the light absorbing molecules in plants?

A

pigments (chlorophyll)

71
Q

Are a cow and yeast related? How can we tell?

A

yes - examine DNA to see how much is shared

72
Q

What chemical is found in all organisms to serve as their code?

A

DNA

biology (5 decks)

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