cell division

Question 1

the process where a cell makes two daughter cells

Answer 1

cell division

Question 2

Before the cell can divide, what must it do to its DNA? Why?

Answer 2

replicate (make an exact copy)

so that each daughter cell can have a copy of the code

Question 3

Which type of cell has more genetic material, prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells? Explain.

Answer 3

Eukaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes while most prokaryotic cells have only one, circular chromosome.

Question 4

As cells grow, what happens to the demands on its DNA?

Answer 4

larger cells have greater demands on DNA

Question 5

As cells grow, what happens to the efficiency of the cell membrane to provide nutrients and remove wastes?

Answer 5

larger cells have more difficulty getting nutrients and getting rid of wastes

Question 6

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction in number of offspring and diversity?

Answer 6

asexual - many identical offspring

sexual - fewer, more diverse offspring

Question 7

Why does sexual reproduction produce more diversity?

Answer 7

offspring of sexual reproduction get some DNA from each parent - new combination of DNA

Question 8

What happens in cancer?

Answer 8

uncontrolled cell division

Question 9

What is the term for a cell becoming different types of cells with specific functions?

Answer 9

cell differentiation or cell specialization

Question 10

What are the unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop?

Answer 10

stem cells

Question 11

What is the potential advantage of stem cell research?

Answer 11

We might be able to replace or repair damaged cells and tissues and cure diseases.

Question 12

Explain why stem cell research is so controversial.

Answer 12

The stem cells originally came from undeveloped embryos, and stem cells involve issues of life and death.

Question 13

What controls the cell cycle?

Answer 13

chemicals called regulatory proteins like growth factors and cyclins which are coded for by the DNA

Question 14

Give examples that the cell cycle proceeds at different rates in different cells.

Answer 14

Most muscle and nerve cells don’t divide at all once they have developed while other cells like skin and bone marrow divide rapidly.

Question 15

What triggers healthy cells to stop dividing?

Answer 15

contact inhibition - They touch other cells and know it is time to stop dividing.

Question 16

programmed cell death

Answer 16

apoptosis

Question 17

a mass of uncontrolled cell growth

Answer 17

tumor

Question 18

What are the two types of tumors?

Answer 18

benign - not cancerous - don’t spread

malignant - cancerous - spread

Question 19

What does cancer do that makes us sick?

Answer 19

absorbs nutrients that other cells need
block nerve connections
prevent organs from functioning properly

Question 20

Defects in the genes that control cell growth and division can be caused by what things?

Answer 20

tobacco, radiation, viral infection

Question 21

A large number of cells have a defect in what gene?

Answer 21

gene p53

Question 22

What are the three basic treatments for cancer?

Answer 22

1. surgery
2. radiation treatment
3. chemotherapy

Question 23

packages of DNA, circular in prokaryotes and rod-shaped in eukaryotes

Answer 23

chromosomes

Question 24

small pieces of DNA on chromosomes that code for proteins

Answer 24

genes

Question 25

all the DNA and protein in a cell's nucleus

Answer 25

chromatin

Question 26

the life of a cell as it grows and divides

Answer 26

cell cycle

Question 27

the stage of the cell cycle where a cell is not dividing but is instead keeping us alive, between divisions

Answer 27

interphase

Question 28

Name the three parts of interphase in order.

Answer 28

G1, S, G2

Question 29

Which part of interphase is where a cell does most of its growing?

Answer 29

G1

Question 30

What happens during the S phase of interphase?

Answer 30

DNA synthesis (replication)

Question 31

What part of interphase prepares the cell for mitosis?

Answer 31

G2

Question 32

What does the G actually stand for in G1 and G2?

Answer 32

gap

Question 33

the process of cell division in bacteria

Answer 33

binary fission

Question 34

What is the M phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 34

mitosis

Question 35

What happens in mitosis?

Answer 35

division of the nucleus

Question 36

What happens in cytokinesis?

Answer 36

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis

Question 37

What are the two cells produced by cell division called?

Answer 37

daughter cells

Question 38

Name the four phases of mitosis in order.

Answer 38

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 39

What four things happen in prophase?

Answer 39

1. nuclear envelope disintegrates 2. nucleolus disintegrates 3. chromatin becomes chromosomes 4. centrioles migrate toward poles and form mitotic spindle

Question 40

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 40

chromosomes line up at the equator (middle of cell)

Question 41

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 41

centromeres divide and sister chromatids are moved to opposite poles by the kinetochore fibers of the spindle

Question 42

What are the two replicated halves of a double chromosome called?

Answer 42

sister chromatids

Question 43

What holds sister chromatids together?

Answer 43

centromere

Question 44

What happens during telophase?

Answer 44

two identical nuclei are formed

Question 45

What two phases are opposite of one another?

Answer 45

prophase and telophase

Question 46

The opposite ends of the cell formed by the centrioles during cell division

Answer 46

poles

Question 47

the middle of a cell where the chromosomes line up during metaphase

Answer 47

equator or metaphase plate

Question 48

the two major differences between plant and animal mitosis

Answer 48

1. plants make a cell plate while animals go through cleavage 2. plants don't have centrioles