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cell division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the process where a cell makes two daughter cells

A

cell division

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2
Q

Before the cell can divide, what must it do to its DNA? Why?

A

replicate (make an exact copy)

so that each daughter cell can have a copy of the code

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3
Q

Which type of cell has more genetic material, prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells? Explain.

A

Eukaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes while most prokaryotic cells have only one, circular chromosome.

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4
Q

As cells grow, what happens to the demands on its DNA?

A

larger cells have greater demands on DNA

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5
Q

As cells grow, what happens to the efficiency of the cell membrane to provide nutrients and remove wastes?

A

larger cells have more difficulty getting nutrients and getting rid of wastes

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6
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction in number of offspring and diversity?

A

asexual - many identical offspring

sexual - fewer, more diverse offspring

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7
Q

Why does sexual reproduction produce more diversity?

A

offspring of sexual reproduction get some DNA from each parent - new combination of DNA

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8
Q

What happens in cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell division

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9
Q

What is the term for a cell becoming different types of cells with specific functions?

A

cell differentiation or cell specialization

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10
Q

What are the unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop?

A

stem cells

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11
Q

What is the potential advantage of stem cell research?

A

We might be able to replace or repair damaged cells and tissues and cure diseases.

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12
Q

Explain why stem cell research is so controversial.

A

The stem cells originally came from undeveloped embryos, and stem cells involve issues of life and death.

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13
Q

What controls the cell cycle?

A

chemicals called regulatory proteins like growth factors and cyclins which are coded for by the DNA

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14
Q

Give examples that the cell cycle proceeds at different rates in different cells.

A

Most muscle and nerve cells don’t divide at all once they have developed while other cells like skin and bone marrow divide rapidly.

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15
Q

What triggers healthy cells to stop dividing?

A

contact inhibition - They touch other cells and know it is time to stop dividing.

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16
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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17
Q

a mass of uncontrolled cell growth

A

tumor

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18
Q

What are the two types of tumors?

A

benign - not cancerous - don’t spread

malignant - cancerous - spread

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19
Q

What does cancer do that makes us sick?

A

absorbs nutrients that other cells need
block nerve connections
prevent organs from functioning properly

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20
Q

Defects in the genes that control cell growth and division can be caused by what things?

A

tobacco, radiation, viral infection

21
Q

A large number of cells have a defect in what gene?

A

gene p53

22
Q

What are the three basic treatments for cancer?

A
  1. surgery
  2. radiation treatment
  3. chemotherapy
23
Q

packages of DNA, circular in prokaryotes and rod-shaped in eukaryotes

A

chromosomes

24
Q

small pieces of DNA on chromosomes that code for proteins

A

genes

25
Q

all the DNA and protein in a cell’s nucleus

A

chromatin

26
Q

the life of a cell as it grows and divides

A

cell cycle

27
Q

the stage of the cell cycle where a cell is not dividing but is instead keeping us alive, between divisions

A

interphase

28
Q

Name the three parts of interphase in order.

A

G1, S, G2

29
Q

Which part of interphase is where a cell does most of its growing?

A

G1

30
Q

What happens during the S phase of interphase?

A

DNA synthesis (replication)

31
Q

What part of interphase prepares the cell for mitosis?

A

G2

32
Q

What does the G actually stand for in G1 and G2?

A

gap

33
Q

the process of cell division in bacteria

A

binary fission

34
Q

What is the M phase of the cell cycle?

A

mitosis

35
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

division of the nucleus

36
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis

37
Q

What are the two cells produced by cell division called?

A

daughter cells

38
Q

Name the four phases of mitosis in order.

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

39
Q

What four things happen in prophase?

A
  1. nuclear envelope disintegrates
  2. nucleolus disintegrates
  3. chromatin becomes chromosomes
  4. centrioles migrate toward poles and form mitotic spindle
40
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up at the equator (middle of cell)

41
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

centromeres divide and sister chromatids are moved to opposite poles by the kinetochore fibers of the spindle

42
Q

What are the two replicated halves of a double chromosome called?

A

sister chromatids

43
Q

What holds sister chromatids together?

A

centromere

44
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

two identical nuclei are formed

45
Q

What two phases are opposite of one another?

A

prophase and telophase

46
Q

The opposite ends of the cell formed by the centrioles during cell division

A

poles

47
Q

the middle of a cell where the chromosomes line up during metaphase

A

equator or metaphase plate

48
Q

the two major differences between plant and animal mitosis

A
  1. plants make a cell plate while animals go through cleavage
  2. plants don’t have centrioles

biology (5 decks)

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