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plant biology Flashcards

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1
Q

vascular plants

A

tracheophyte

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2
Q

nonvascular plants

A

bryophytes

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3
Q

flowering plants

A

angiosperms

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4
Q

cone-bearing plants

A

conifers/gymnosperms

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5
Q

usually multicellular, eukaryotic, usually autotrophic organisms with cellulose cell walls and chlorophyll

A

plant

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6
Q

What 5 things do plants need to live?

A

sunlight, water, minerals, carbon dioxide and oxygen

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7
Q

In what type of habitat do scientists believe plants evolved?

A

green algae like organisms formed in water

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8
Q

How are green algae different from other plants?

A

unicellular and colonial without roots, stems, or leaves, not as complex

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9
Q

Why are green algae placed in the plant kingdom?

A

cellulose cell walls, chlorophylls a and b, alternation of generations, DNA is similar

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10
Q

What group of plants were the first to move out onto land? Give the scientific name and the common name of the group.

A

bryophytes or non-vascular plants

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11
Q

Give 3 examples of bryophytes.

A

moss, liverworts, and hornworts

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12
Q

Give 2 reasons why bryophytes need to remain small.

A

no vascular tissue and no lignin

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13
Q

What is lignin?

A

a chemical that reinforces plant cell walls and enables them to stand against gravity

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14
Q

What is vascular tissue? Give 2 examples.

A

transport tissue - xylem and phloem

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15
Q

What is the name for the life cycle of plants?

A

alternation of generations

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16
Q

What are the two stages in the life cycle of plants?

A

sporophyte and gametophyte

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17
Q

What are three differences between sporophytes and gametophytes?

A

sporophytes - asexual, make spores, 2N or diploid

gametophytes - sexual, make gametes, 1N or haploid

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18
Q

Which is the dominant stage of a moss, the sporophyte or the gametophyte? Explain.

A

The gametophyte is green and does photosynthesis and absorbs water and minerals. The sporophyte can’t live without the gametophyte.

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19
Q

Through evolution, what happened to the relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte generations?

A

sporophyte became dominant

gametophyte became reduced

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20
Q

a unicellular green alga with an eyespot and 2 flagella to swim toward light

A

Chlamydomonas

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21
Q

a colonial, filamentous green alga with spiral chloroplasts

A

Spirogyra

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22
Q

a colonial, spherical green alga that shows division of labor and is a link between unicellular and multicellular organisms

A

Volvox

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23
Q

Where do green algae live?

A

freshwater, saltwater, and moist places on land

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24
Q

In alternation of generations, when do the organisms reproduce sexually, and when do they reproduce asexually?

A

asexually - when conditions are stable and favorable

sexually - when conditions are are unstable and unfavorable

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25
Q

a process used by Spirogyra and some other organisms to exchange DNA

A

conjugation

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26
Q

the root-like structure in moss - How is it different from a true root?

A

rhizoid - no vascular tissue in it

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27
Q

the moss reproductive structure where eggs are made

A

archegonium

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28
Q

the moss reproductive structure where sperm are made

A

antheridium

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29
Q

the moss structure where spores are made

A

sporangium

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30
Q

Why do moss and ferns and their relatives need to live in moist habitats?

A

sperm need to swim to eggs

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31
Q

xylem cells, reinforced with lignin

A

tracheids

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32
Q

What does xylem carry? Does it carry the material up toward leaves or down toward roots

A

water - up from roots to leaves

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33
Q

What 2 processes helps water travel up the xylem tubes?

A
  1. capillarity - adhesion and cohesion

2. transpiration - water loss through leaves sucks in new water

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34
Q

What does phloem carry? Does it carry the material up toward leaves or down toward roots

A

sugar or sap (mutrients, carbohydrates) - down from leaves

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35
Q

What is a fern leaf called?

A

frond

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36
Q

What is an immature fern leaf?

A

fiddlehead

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37
Q

What is an underground stem in a ferm?

A

rhizome

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38
Q

Why can ferns and their relatives grow taller than mosses and their relatives?

A

They have vascular tissue.

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39
Q

What do ferns and their relatives lack?

A

seeds

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40
Q

What are the two groups of seed plants, and where do the seeds form?

A

gymnosperms - in cones

angiosperms - in flowers

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41
Q

the structure that contains the male gametophyte in a seed plant

A

pollen grain

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42
Q

the structure in a seed plant that contains the female gametophyte

A

ovule

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43
Q

a plant embryo with food and a protective covering

A

seed

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44
Q

the seed leaves

A

cotyledon

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45
Q

a plant with one seed leaf

A

monocot

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46
Q

a plant with two seed leaves

A

dicot

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47
Q

the transfer of pollen from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part)

A

pollination

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48
Q

What are two major ways pollination occurs?

A

wind and animals

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49
Q

Which type of pollination is more effective?

A

animal pollination - needs less pollen

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50
Q

what grows from the pollen grain?

A

pollen tube

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51
Q

What travels through the pollen tube?

A

sperm

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52
Q

when sperm meets egg

A

fertilization

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53
Q

the reproductive structure in flowering plants

A

flower

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54
Q

the male part of a flower - Give the two parts.

A

stamen - anther and filament

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55
Q

the female part of a flower - Give the three parts.

A

carpel (singular) or pistil (multiple) - stigma, style and ovary

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56
Q

What is the advantage of a flower?

A

attracts pollinators with smell and color as well as nectar and pollen

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57
Q

What is a ripened ovary?

A

a fruit

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58
Q

Give 5 ways fruits/seeds are dispersed.

A

wind, water, caught in animal fur, eaten by animals, explosive

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59
Q

When pollinated, ovules become what?

A

seeds

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60
Q

Give 3 ways angiosperms can be classified.

A

number of cotyledons, type of stem, length of life cycle

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61
Q

What is a plant with a soft green stem?

A

herbaceous

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62
Q

What is a plant that completes its life cycle in one year?

A

annual

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63
Q

What is a plant that completes its life cycle in two years?

A

biennial

64
Q

What is a plant that takes many years to complete its life cycle?

A

perennial

65
Q

What is the plant organ responsible for photosynthesis?

A

leaves

66
Q

What is the plant organ responsible for anchoring the plant in the soil and absorbing water and minerals?

A

roots

67
Q

What is the plant organ responsible for supporting the plant and transporting water and food throughout the plant?

A

stems

68
Q

What plant tissue covers the plant?

A

dermal

69
Q

What is the outermost layer of the dermal tissue, and what happens to it as the plant ages?

A

epidermis, gets thicker with age

70
Q

What is the waxy coating outside the epidermis, and what is its purpose?

A

cuticle - slows water loss

71
Q

What increases the surface area of roots?

A

root hairs

72
Q

What are the projections on stems and leaves that can protect the plant and gives it a fuzzy appearance?

A

trichomes

73
Q

What are the pores in plant leaves?

A

stoma (stomata)

74
Q

What cells open and close the stomata?

A

guard cells

75
Q

When are stomata open?

A

when guard cells are full of water

76
Q

What are the two cells in xylem?

A

tracheids and vessel elements

77
Q

What are the two cells in phloem? How are they related?

A

sieve tube members and companion cells - companion cells still have their nucleus and organelles and help keep sieve tube members alive

78
Q

What are the three types of ground tissue, and how are they related?

A

parenchyma - softest
collenchyma - medium thickness
sclerenchyma - hardest

79
Q

growth tissue in plants

A

meristem

80
Q

What is the difference between taproots and fibrous roots?

A

taproot has one large central root

fibrous roots are all similar in size and branched

81
Q

What is an apical meristem?

A

growth at the root tip or shoot tip

82
Q

What is a lateral meristem?

A

growth at the sides

83
Q

What is the apical meristem of a root tip covered by? What is its purpose?

A

root cap - helps it push through the soil without damage

84
Q

What is the vascular tissue called in

  1. a root
  2. stems
  3. leaves
A

root - vascular cylinder
stem - vascular bundles
leaves - veins

85
Q

what is drawn up into roots along with the water?

A

minerals

86
Q

Where do minerals come from?

A

broken down bedrock in the soil

87
Q

the enlarged portions of stems where buds form

A

nodes

88
Q

the region between nodes

A

internodes

89
Q

the large, flat portion of a plant leaf

A

blade

90
Q

the stem of a leaf

A

petiole

91
Q

water loss through the pores in a plant leaf

A

transpiration

92
Q

when a plant loses water and falls over

A

wilting

93
Q

Name three differences between plant cells and animal cells.

A

plants - cell walls of cellulose
plants - large central water vacuole
plants - photosynthesis in chloroplasts with chlorophyll

94
Q

What is unusual about fertilization in flowering plants?

A

It’s double fertilization. One sperm fertilizes the egg to make a zygote while the other fertilizes the endosperm to provide food for the plant embryo.

95
Q

when a living thing is not actively growing

A

dormancy

96
Q

the sprouting of a seed

A

germination

97
Q

the inner dermal tissue that surrounds the vascular cylinder

A

endodermis

98
Q

the coating around the endodermis that prevents water from leaking out of the vascular cylinder, helps build up root pressure

A

Casparian strip

99
Q

the idea that as water continually flows into the roots, it builds up pressure that pushes it into the xylem tubes

A

root pressure

100
Q

the loss of water through the stomata causes water to be drawn up through the xylem cells

A

transpirational pull

101
Q

Is transpirational pull stronger on a hot, dry day or a cool, damp day? Explain

A

hot and dry causes more evaporation so more water is pulled up

102
Q

the movement of water up narrow tubes against gravity

A

capillarity/capillary action

103
Q

water sticking to water due to its polarity

A

cohesion

104
Q

water sticking to other materials due to its polarity

A

adhesion

105
Q

growth in length at the apical meristems

A

primary growth

106
Q

growth in width at lateral meristems

A

secondary growth

107
Q

What is the purpose of primary and secondary growth?

A

primary - gets taller and spreads roots

secondary - strength and support

108
Q

What are the two lateral meristems, and what does each produce?

A

vascular cambium - makes new xylem and phloem

cork cambium - makes new bark (cork)

109
Q

How is mature xylem different from mature phloem?

A

Mature xylem is dead while mature phloem is still alive thanks to the companion cells.

110
Q

What is the difference between the heartwood and the sapwood?

A

heartwood - inner, often darker, no longer carrying water

sapwood - outer, often lighter, still carrying water

111
Q

the alternating lighter and darker rings on a tree that correspond to a year’s growth

A

annual rings

112
Q

the cells in a leaf between the two layers of epidermis and around the veins

A

mesophyll

113
Q

Name the two kinds of mesophyll, and explain how they are different.

A
  1. palisade mesophyll - next to upper epidermis, elongated cells, most photosynthetic
  2. spongy mesophyll - next to lower epidermis, has air spaces for gases to move in and out of leaf
114
Q

the best explanation of how sugar moves through a plant

A

pressure-flow hypothesis

115
Q

In the pressure-flow hypothesis, what causes the sap to flow?

A

water moving from the xylem to phloem by osmosis

116
Q

where the food is produced in a plant leaf

A

source

117
Q

where the food is stored throughout the plant

A

sink

118
Q

the part of the male structure in a flower that makes the pollen grains

A

anther

119
Q

the part of the female structure in a flower that contains the eggs

A

ovules in the ovary

120
Q

the sticky top part of the female part of a flower

A

stigma

121
Q

Why is the stigma sticky?

A

to catch pollen

122
Q

Why does the pollen tube have 2 sperm?

A

double fertilization - 1 fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the endosperm for food

123
Q

What is the importance of the endosperm?

A

food for the developing plant embryo

124
Q

asexual reproduction in plants

A

vegetative propagation

125
Q

What do we call it when two related plants are combined by taking a stem of one plant and attaching it to another plant? What state must the plants be in for this to work?

A

grafting - must be dormant

126
Q

the spreading of seeds to new locations

A

dispersal

127
Q

Why do plants disperse?

A

less competition with the parent plant

128
Q

Give ways seeds can be dispersed.

A
  1. wind
  2. water
  3. in animal fur
  4. fruit is eaten by animals
  5. explosive fruits
129
Q

What is the advantage of dormancy?

A

survive harsh conditions to grow during good conditions

130
Q

a chemical made in one cell that influences the growth and development of other cells

A

hormone

131
Q

the cell a hormone is supposed to act upon

A

target cell

132
Q

the places on a cell membrane where hormones attach

A

receptors

133
Q

a plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and apical dominance

A

auxin

134
Q

a plant hormone that stimulates cell division and often works opposite auxins

A

cytokinins

135
Q

a plant hormone that stimulates growth and germination

A

giberellins

136
Q

a plant hormone that promotes dormancy

A

abscisic acid

137
Q

a gaseous plant hormone that stimulates the fruit to ripen

A

ethylene

138
Q

any plant growth response - What do we call it toward or away from the stimulus

A

tropism
positive - toward
negative - away

139
Q

a growth response to light

A

phototropism

140
Q

a growth response to gravity

A

gravitropism/geotropism

141
Q

a growth response to touch

A

thigmotropism

142
Q

What is one example of thigmotropism?

A

vines climbing

143
Q

a response to the length of day/night

A

photoperiod

144
Q

the pigment that lets a plant know how long the day/night are

A

phytochrome

145
Q

plants that bloom when the day is long
plants that bloom when the day is short
plants that are not affected by photoperiod

A

long-day plants
short-day plants
day-neutral plants

146
Q

About how long ago did agriculture begin? Where?

A

10-12,000 years ago in many regions including the fertile crescent

147
Q

What are some reasons plants are important to us?

A

food, oxygen, materials for building and clothing, medicine…

148
Q

the period of time when there was a major improvement in agricultural materials and practices

A

green revolution

149
Q

a chemical that kills unwanted animals

A

pesticide

150
Q

a chemical addition of nutrients to the soil

A

fertilizer

151
Q

What are the three main nutrients in fertilizer?

A

N, K, P

152
Q

What do we call elements that a plant only needs in small quantities? Give an example.

A

trace elements - zinc

153
Q

Name the major crops that feed the world.

A

rice, corn, soybeans, wheat

154
Q

What type of plant are most of our food plants?

A

grasses

155
Q

Why is it a concern that the number of bees are declining?

A

They are important pollinators.

biology (5 decks)

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