plant biology Flashcards
1
Q
vascular plants
A
tracheophyte
2
Q
nonvascular plants
A
bryophytes
3
Q
flowering plants
A
angiosperms
4
Q
cone-bearing plants
A
conifers/gymnosperms
5
Q
usually multicellular, eukaryotic, usually autotrophic organisms with cellulose cell walls and chlorophyll
A
plant
6
Q
What 5 things do plants need to live?
A
sunlight, water, minerals, carbon dioxide and oxygen
7
Q
In what type of habitat do scientists believe plants evolved?
A
green algae like organisms formed in water
8
Q
How are green algae different from other plants?
A
unicellular and colonial without roots, stems, or leaves, not as complex
9
Q
Why are green algae placed in the plant kingdom?
A
cellulose cell walls, chlorophylls a and b, alternation of generations, DNA is similar
10
Q
What group of plants were the first to move out onto land? Give the scientific name and the common name of the group.
A
bryophytes or non-vascular plants
11
Q
Give 3 examples of bryophytes.
A
moss, liverworts, and hornworts
12
Q
Give 2 reasons why bryophytes need to remain small.
A
no vascular tissue and no lignin
13
Q
What is lignin?
A
a chemical that reinforces plant cell walls and enables them to stand against gravity
14
Q
What is vascular tissue? Give 2 examples.
A
transport tissue - xylem and phloem
15
Q
What is the name for the life cycle of plants?
A
alternation of generations
16
Q
What are the two stages in the life cycle of plants?
A
sporophyte and gametophyte
17
Q
What are three differences between sporophytes and gametophytes?
A
sporophytes - asexual, make spores, 2N or diploid
gametophytes - sexual, make gametes, 1N or haploid
18
Q
Which is the dominant stage of a moss, the sporophyte or the gametophyte? Explain.
A
The gametophyte is green and does photosynthesis and absorbs water and minerals. The sporophyte can’t live without the gametophyte.
19
Q
Through evolution, what happened to the relationship between the sporophyte and gametophyte generations?
A
sporophyte became dominant
gametophyte became reduced
20
Q
a unicellular green alga with an eyespot and 2 flagella to swim toward light
A
Chlamydomonas
21
Q
a colonial, filamentous green alga with spiral chloroplasts
A
Spirogyra
22
Q
a colonial, spherical green alga that shows division of labor and is a link between unicellular and multicellular organisms
A
Volvox
23
Q
Where do green algae live?
A
freshwater, saltwater, and moist places on land
24
Q
In alternation of generations, when do the organisms reproduce sexually, and when do they reproduce asexually?
A
asexually - when conditions are stable and favorable
sexually - when conditions are are unstable and unfavorable
25
a process used by Spirogyra and some other organisms to exchange DNA
conjugation
26
the root-like structure in moss - How is it different from a true root?
rhizoid - no vascular tissue in it
27
the moss reproductive structure where eggs are made
archegonium
28
the moss reproductive structure where sperm are made
antheridium
29
the moss structure where spores are made
sporangium
30
Why do moss and ferns and their relatives need to live in moist habitats?
sperm need to swim to eggs
31
xylem cells, reinforced with lignin
tracheids
32
What does xylem carry? Does it carry the material up toward leaves or down toward roots
water - up from roots to leaves
33
What 2 processes helps water travel up the xylem tubes?
1. capillarity - adhesion and cohesion
| 2. transpiration - water loss through leaves sucks in new water
34
What does phloem carry? Does it carry the material up toward leaves or down toward roots
sugar or sap (mutrients, carbohydrates) - down from leaves
35
What is a fern leaf called?
frond
36
What is an immature fern leaf?
fiddlehead
37
What is an underground stem in a ferm?
rhizome
38
Why can ferns and their relatives grow taller than mosses and their relatives?
They have vascular tissue.
39
What do ferns and their relatives lack?
seeds
40
What are the two groups of seed plants, and where do the seeds form?
gymnosperms - in cones
| angiosperms - in flowers
41
the structure that contains the male gametophyte in a seed plant
pollen grain
42
the structure in a seed plant that contains the female gametophyte
ovule
43
a plant embryo with food and a protective covering
seed
44
the seed leaves
cotyledon
45
a plant with one seed leaf
monocot
46
a plant with two seed leaves
dicot
47
the transfer of pollen from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part)
pollination
48
What are two major ways pollination occurs?
wind and animals
49
Which type of pollination is more effective?
animal pollination - needs less pollen
50
what grows from the pollen grain?
pollen tube
51
What travels through the pollen tube?
sperm
52
when sperm meets egg
fertilization
53
the reproductive structure in flowering plants
flower
54
the male part of a flower - Give the two parts.
stamen - anther and filament
55
the female part of a flower - Give the three parts.
carpel (singular) or pistil (multiple) - stigma, style and ovary
56
What is the advantage of a flower?
attracts pollinators with smell and color as well as nectar and pollen
57
What is a ripened ovary?
a fruit
58
Give 5 ways fruits/seeds are dispersed.
wind, water, caught in animal fur, eaten by animals, explosive
59
When pollinated, ovules become what?
seeds
60
Give 3 ways angiosperms can be classified.
number of cotyledons, type of stem, length of life cycle
61
What is a plant with a soft green stem?
herbaceous
62
What is a plant that completes its life cycle in one year?
annual
63
What is a plant that completes its life cycle in two years?
biennial
64
What is a plant that takes many years to complete its life cycle?
perennial
65
What is the plant organ responsible for photosynthesis?
leaves
66
What is the plant organ responsible for anchoring the plant in the soil and absorbing water and minerals?
roots
67
What is the plant organ responsible for supporting the plant and transporting water and food throughout the plant?
stems
68
What plant tissue covers the plant?
dermal
69
What is the outermost layer of the dermal tissue, and what happens to it as the plant ages?
epidermis, gets thicker with age
70
What is the waxy coating outside the epidermis, and what is its purpose?
cuticle - slows water loss
71
What increases the surface area of roots?
root hairs
72
What are the projections on stems and leaves that can protect the plant and gives it a fuzzy appearance?
trichomes
73
What are the pores in plant leaves?
stoma (stomata)
74
What cells open and close the stomata?
guard cells
75
When are stomata open?
when guard cells are full of water
76
What are the two cells in xylem?
tracheids and vessel elements
77
What are the two cells in phloem? How are they related?
sieve tube members and companion cells - companion cells still have their nucleus and organelles and help keep sieve tube members alive
78
What are the three types of ground tissue, and how are they related?
parenchyma - softest
collenchyma - medium thickness
sclerenchyma - hardest
79
growth tissue in plants
meristem
80
What is the difference between taproots and fibrous roots?
taproot has one large central root
| fibrous roots are all similar in size and branched
81
What is an apical meristem?
growth at the root tip or shoot tip
82
What is a lateral meristem?
growth at the sides
83
What is the apical meristem of a root tip covered by? What is its purpose?
root cap - helps it push through the soil without damage
84
What is the vascular tissue called in
1. a root
2. stems
3. leaves
root - vascular cylinder
stem - vascular bundles
leaves - veins
85
what is drawn up into roots along with the water?
minerals
86
Where do minerals come from?
broken down bedrock in the soil
87
the enlarged portions of stems where buds form
nodes
88
the region between nodes
internodes
89
the large, flat portion of a plant leaf
blade
90
the stem of a leaf
petiole
91
water loss through the pores in a plant leaf
transpiration
92
when a plant loses water and falls over
wilting
93
Name three differences between plant cells and animal cells.
plants - cell walls of cellulose
plants - large central water vacuole
plants - photosynthesis in chloroplasts with chlorophyll
94
What is unusual about fertilization in flowering plants?
It's double fertilization. One sperm fertilizes the egg to make a zygote while the other fertilizes the endosperm to provide food for the plant embryo.
95
when a living thing is not actively growing
dormancy
96
the sprouting of a seed
germination
97
the inner dermal tissue that surrounds the vascular cylinder
endodermis
98
the coating around the endodermis that prevents water from leaking out of the vascular cylinder, helps build up root pressure
Casparian strip
99
the idea that as water continually flows into the roots, it builds up pressure that pushes it into the xylem tubes
root pressure
100
the loss of water through the stomata causes water to be drawn up through the xylem cells
transpirational pull
101
Is transpirational pull stronger on a hot, dry day or a cool, damp day? Explain
hot and dry causes more evaporation so more water is pulled up
102
the movement of water up narrow tubes against gravity
capillarity/capillary action
103
water sticking to water due to its polarity
cohesion
104
water sticking to other materials due to its polarity
adhesion
105
growth in length at the apical meristems
primary growth
106
growth in width at lateral meristems
secondary growth
107
What is the purpose of primary and secondary growth?
primary - gets taller and spreads roots
| secondary - strength and support
108
What are the two lateral meristems, and what does each produce?
vascular cambium - makes new xylem and phloem
| cork cambium - makes new bark (cork)
109
How is mature xylem different from mature phloem?
Mature xylem is dead while mature phloem is still alive thanks to the companion cells.
110
What is the difference between the heartwood and the sapwood?
heartwood - inner, often darker, no longer carrying water
| sapwood - outer, often lighter, still carrying water
111
the alternating lighter and darker rings on a tree that correspond to a year's growth
annual rings
112
the cells in a leaf between the two layers of epidermis and around the veins
mesophyll
113
Name the two kinds of mesophyll, and explain how they are different.
1. palisade mesophyll - next to upper epidermis, elongated cells, most photosynthetic
2. spongy mesophyll - next to lower epidermis, has air spaces for gases to move in and out of leaf
114
the best explanation of how sugar moves through a plant
pressure-flow hypothesis
115
In the pressure-flow hypothesis, what causes the sap to flow?
water moving from the xylem to phloem by osmosis
116
where the food is produced in a plant leaf
source
117
where the food is stored throughout the plant
sink
118
the part of the male structure in a flower that makes the pollen grains
anther
119
the part of the female structure in a flower that contains the eggs
ovules in the ovary
120
the sticky top part of the female part of a flower
stigma
121
Why is the stigma sticky?
to catch pollen
122
Why does the pollen tube have 2 sperm?
double fertilization - 1 fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the endosperm for food
123
What is the importance of the endosperm?
food for the developing plant embryo
124
asexual reproduction in plants
vegetative propagation
125
What do we call it when two related plants are combined by taking a stem of one plant and attaching it to another plant? What state must the plants be in for this to work?
grafting - must be dormant
126
the spreading of seeds to new locations
dispersal
127
Why do plants disperse?
less competition with the parent plant
128
Give ways seeds can be dispersed.
1. wind
2. water
3. in animal fur
4. fruit is eaten by animals
5. explosive fruits
129
What is the advantage of dormancy?
survive harsh conditions to grow during good conditions
130
a chemical made in one cell that influences the growth and development of other cells
hormone
131
the cell a hormone is supposed to act upon
target cell
132
the places on a cell membrane where hormones attach
receptors
133
a plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and apical dominance
auxin
134
a plant hormone that stimulates cell division and often works opposite auxins
cytokinins
135
a plant hormone that stimulates growth and germination
giberellins
136
a plant hormone that promotes dormancy
abscisic acid
137
a gaseous plant hormone that stimulates the fruit to ripen
ethylene
138
any plant growth response - What do we call it toward or away from the stimulus
tropism
positive - toward
negative - away
139
a growth response to light
phototropism
140
a growth response to gravity
gravitropism/geotropism
141
a growth response to touch
thigmotropism
142
What is one example of thigmotropism?
vines climbing
143
a response to the length of day/night
photoperiod
144
the pigment that lets a plant know how long the day/night are
phytochrome
145
plants that bloom when the day is long
plants that bloom when the day is short
plants that are not affected by photoperiod
long-day plants
short-day plants
day-neutral plants
146
About how long ago did agriculture begin? Where?
10-12,000 years ago in many regions including the fertile crescent
147
What are some reasons plants are important to us?
food, oxygen, materials for building and clothing, medicine...
148
the period of time when there was a major improvement in agricultural materials and practices
green revolution
149
a chemical that kills unwanted animals
pesticide
150
a chemical addition of nutrients to the soil
fertilizer
151
What are the three main nutrients in fertilizer?
N, K, P
152
What do we call elements that a plant only needs in small quantities? Give an example.
trace elements - zinc
153
Name the major crops that feed the world.
rice, corn, soybeans, wheat
154
What type of plant are most of our food plants?
grasses
155
Why is it a concern that the number of bees are declining?
They are important pollinators.
