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chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is meant by the term scientia?

A

to know

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2
Q

What 3 things make science different from other fields of study?

A
  1. deals only with natural world
  2. collects and organizes information in an orderly way
  3. explanations are based on evidence
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3
Q

What group of people were the first to believe that the universe is governed by natural laws?

A

Greek philosophers like Aristotle

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4
Q

to notice using one’s senses

A

observation

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5
Q

a logical interpretation based on what is known

A

inference

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6
Q

a proposed explanation for a set of observations, can be tested

A

hypothesis

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7
Q

What are the two possible results of a scientific experiment?

A
  1. supports hypothesis

2. rejects hypothesis

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8
Q

an experiment where only one variable is changed between two test groups

A

controlled experiment

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9
Q

the manipulated variable, set up differently in the control and experimental group

A

independent variable or IV

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10
Q

the responding variable, measured to determine the effect of the manipulated variable

A

dependent variable or DV

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11
Q

the group being tested, has the IV

A

experimental group

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12
Q

the group without the variable, used to compare to the experimental group

A

control group

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13
Q

all the factors that are the same between the experimental and control group (2 terms)

A

constants

controlled variables

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14
Q

How many variables should be present in a controlled experiment? How many factors should be tested at one time?

A

1

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15
Q

the information gathered during an experiment

A

data

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16
Q

What are the two types of data?

Which of the two types of data is preferred, and why?

A

qualitative and quantitative

Quantitative is preferred because it is a number and is therefore usually agreed upon.

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17
Q

A hypothesis is usually written in what form?

What does each part represent?

A

if/then

if = IV and then = DV

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18
Q

Because science is constantly experimenting, it is always… and the answers to some questions usually bring about more…

A

changing

questions

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19
Q

What is done with the data to make it more organized and visual?

A

put into tables and graphs

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20
Q

Once the data is organized and visual, we must do what to draw our conclusions?

A

analysis - look for patterns and trends

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21
Q

What does a good scientist do if their data refutes their hypothesis?

A

revise it and keep working

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22
Q

What is the difference between pure and applied science?

A

pure - just to know

applied - do make something useful (technology)

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23
Q

Give 4 traits of a good scientist, and say what each means.

A
  1. curious - want to know
  2. skeptical - want proof
  3. open-minded - willing to look at new ideas
  4. creative - think of new ways to design experiments
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24
Q

When other scientists look at your experiments to see if you followed the scientific process correctly, it is called what?

A

peer review

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25
Q

Why should experimental and control groups be large?

A

to ensure reliability

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26
Q

What is it called when a scientist repeats an experiment with multiple trials? Why is this done?

A

replication - to ensure that what happened wasn’t unusual

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27
Q

What improves the quality of observations? Give examples.

A

tools - rulers, graduated cylinders, microscopes

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28
Q

What are common sources of error in experiments?

A

human error
mechanical error
more than one variable
too small a sample size

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29
Q

the smallest living unit that organisms are made up of

A

cell

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30
Q

an organism made of one cell

A

unicellular

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31
Q

an organism made of many cells

A

multicellular

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32
Q

all animals begin life as a fertilized egg called a what?

A

zygote

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33
Q

the process where cells become unique by getting specific jobs to do (2 terms)

A

cell differentiation and cell specialization

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34
Q

the chemical that serves as our genetic code

A

DNA

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35
Q

when one parent divides to make genetically identical offspring

A

asexual reproduction

36
Q

when the DNA of two organisms is combined to make diverse offspring

A

sexual reproduction

37
Q

when an organism increases in size

A

growth

38
Q

when an organism matures to its adult form

A

development

39
Q

a change in the environment to which an organism responds

A

stimulus

40
Q

a reaction to a stimulus

A

response

41
Q

an organism’s constant (stable) internal environment

A

homeostasis

42
Q

How do humans maintain homeostasis of body temperature?

A

if hot - sweat and turn red to release heat

if cold - shiver and get goosebumps to generate heat

43
Q

all the chemical reactions in an organism (designed to provide energy for survival)

A

metabolism

44
Q

the idea that life on earth is adapting over time and that all life is related through DNA

A

evolution

45
Q

From what does most life on earth ultimately get its energy? Where do animals get their energy?

A

the sun - animals eat food

46
Q

If an organism can’t maintain homeostasis, what happens?

A

gets sick and can die

47
Q

What element forms the foundation of life?

A

carbon - We say organisms are carbon-based

48
Q

How long ago do we believe life on earth developed?

A

3.5 billion years ago

49
Q

the layer of life around earth - our living planet

A

biosphere

50
Q

the original decimal system of measurement

the modern decimal system

A

metric system

SI

51
Q

What are the four basic measurements in the metric system, and what does each measure?

A

meter - length
liter - liquid volume
kilogram - mass
degrees Celsius - temperature

52
Q

Give two reasons why SI or metric is preferred in science?

A
  1. universal

2. based on tens - easier to use and convert

53
Q

What is the most important lab safety rule?

A

follow the directions

54
Q

a group of specialized cells- give examples

A

tissue - epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

55
Q

a group of tissues- give examples

A

organ - heart, lung, liver, kidney

56
Q

a group of organs - give examples

A

organ system - digestive, circulatory

57
Q

traces of living things that are no longer here, help us understand how life on earth has evolved

A

fossils

58
Q

when a scientist has a preformed opinion or particular point of view

A

bias

59
Q

a well accepted big idea in science that unifies many hypotheses - give examples

A

theory - cell theory, germ theory, atomic theory

60
Q

What is the freezing and boiling point of water in Celsius?

A

freezing - 0 degrees Celsius

boiling - 100 degrees Celsius

61
Q

Why is Kelvin the SI unit for temperature?

A

has absolute zero

62
Q

a tool for magnification, allows scientists to observe in great detail

A

microscope

63
Q

name the two basic types of microscopes, and give the advantages of each

A

compound light microscope - can see living cells move around and can see color but in less detail

electron microscope - can see in great detail but object must be dead and can only see black and white

64
Q

Name the four basic parts of an organism’s metabolism, and say what each part does.

A
  1. ingestion - to eat
  2. digestion - to break down food
  3. respiration - burn food (usually with oxygen) to get energy
  4. excretion - get rid of waste
65
Q

one type of living thing, can breed and produce viable young and share DNA similarities

A

species

66
Q

the study of animals

A

zoology

67
Q

the study of plants

A

botany

68
Q

the study of ecosystems (where organisms live)

A

ecology

69
Q

the study of fossils

A

paleontology

70
Q

the study of body parts

A

anatomy

71
Q

the foot word that means not or without - give an example

A

a - asexual

72
Q

the root word that means self - give an example

A

auto - autotroph

73
Q

the root word that means life - give an example

A

bio - biology

74
Q

the root word that means study of - give an example

A

logy - biology

75
Q

the root word that means the same - give an example

A

homeo (homo) - homeostasis

76
Q

the root word that means below - give an example

A

hypo - hypothesis

77
Q

the root word that means small - give an example

A

micro - microscope

78
Q

the root word that means many - give an example

A

multi - multicellular

79
Q

the root word that means one - give an example

A

uni - unicellular

80
Q

the root word that means to know

A

scientia - science

81
Q

the root word that means to look - give an example

A

scope - microscope

82
Q

the root word that means a statement - give an example

A

thesis - hypothesis

83
Q

Give an example of a unicellular and a multicellular organism.

A

unicellular - bacteria

multicellular - human

84
Q

give an example of development

A

tadpole becomes a frog

caterpillar becomes a moth

85
Q

a moral choice - right and wrong applied to biology - give an example

A

bioethical issue - stem cell research or animal experimentation

biology (5 decks)

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