SEMESTER 1 FINAL EXAM Flashcards
What is the body’s organization levels?.
Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Tiny atoms make up _____ and multiple make up a ____. specialized groups of cells form____.
Molecules, cells, tissues
Homeostasis means refers to:
Normal body temp is:
The body maintaining a stable, internal environment
98.6 F or 37 C
Anatomical position
Body is standing erect, face forward, arms at side, toes & palms facing forward
What the 12 directional terms?
Superior & inferior, anterior & posterior, medial & lateral, proximal & distal, superficial & deep, central & peripheral
Name water’s principles
It’s a universal solvent, temp regulator, lubricant, chemical reactor, and protective device
___ indicates how many H+ ions are in a solution
pH
A solution with a pH of 7+ is said to be ___ but a pH of less than 7 is said to be ___.
Basic or alkaline, acidic
What is a buffer system? What is its purpose? What are 3 pH responses?
Solution that resists change in pH when acid or base is added when needed; can also restore pH balance
1st: blood buffer (response within seconds ) chemical response
2nd: respiratory (1-3 minute response) altered pulmonary ventilation, picks up alkalosis/acidosis change
3rd: renal (days to weeks) alters H ions/bicarbonate elimination
What is the cellular respiration equation?
C6H12O6+O2=CO2+H2O+ATP/ENERGY
Define the cell membrane (purpose, composition, structure)
Separates intracellular and extra cellular materials by being selectively permeable. It’s made of phospholipids, proteins, some carbs. Has channels that water and dissolved substances flow
define the passive transport (no energy needed) mechanisms ?
Diffusion: most common one, substance move from area of high to low concentration, moves O2 to blood, CO2 out of blood
Facilitated diffusion: substance moves from high to low concentration with molecular help
Osmosis: aka pulling pressure (Na+ holding in to water),diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane, low to high, can cause swelling as it moves H2O to a compartment
Filtration: pressure pushes substance across membrane, mainly happens in capillaries
Define the active transport (energy needed) mechanisms
Pumps: needed when intracellular materials are taking up cell space and new material needs to be “pumped” in
Endocytosis: intakes food/liquid by cell membrane; phago(ingests materials) pino (drinks materials I.e. H2O)
Exocytosis: expels things out of cell (protein fuses with membrane, then expelled into surrounding space for use outside for outside of pancreas)
_____ is the ability of a solution to affect a cell’s volume and pressure
Tonicity
________, ___________, & _____ are 3 types of tonicity
Isotonic: iso “same”; has some concertación as intracellular fluid; no water moving, no loss or gain
Hypotonic: solute concentration less than reference solution, can cause hemolysis or to burst/lyse, not admined. IV
Hypertonic: solution concentration greater than reference solution, causes cell to shrink/crenate, sometimes IV admined.
What is glucose?
Six-carbon simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is the most important sugar. It’s used by cells as energy source
What are amino acid characteristics?
Building blocks of protein, most derived from protein foods, some can’t be synthesized by body(nonessential) some can(essential aminos), composed of CHON, joined by peptide bonds
What are the epithelial shapes and layers?
Shapes: squamous (thin, flat), cuboidal (cube-like dice-like), columnar (tall, narrow)
Layers: one layer—simple, 2+ layers—stratified
What epithelial tissues are located where?
Simple squamous: caps, alveoli, kidneys
Simple cuboidal: kidney tubules, thyroid gland, salivary gland
Simple columnar: digestive tract
Pseudo stratified columnar: respiratory tract lining, fallopian lining
Stratified squamous: outer skin layer, lining of anus/Vagina/esophagus
Transitional: bladder
Exocrine vs endocrine glands
Exocrine: have ducts that where secretions are released before reaching body’s surface
Endocrine: ductless, so hormones secreted directly into blood
_____ tissue is the most abundant of all, found in blood, under skin, in bone, around many organs. It supports, protects, stores fat, etc
Connective
Epidermis
Thin outer layer of skin, made of stratified squamous epi., is avascular, divided into five layers (I.e. stratum G and C)
______, _______, & _____ ______ are nail disorders
Clubbing, cyanosis of the beds/melanoma (lightskin PTs), and brittle nails
What is sebum?
An oil sebaceous secretion, flowing into hair then into skin’s surface. Lubricates, waterproofs, inhibits bacterial growth, decreases with age (dry skin)
How do blood vessels help thermoregulation?
Vasodilation- causes body to cool down (sweat cools it down, more heat loss)
Vasoconstriction- helps body stay warm (shivering, no sweat, less heat loss)
The __ ___ ____ is found in spongy bone holes, richly supplies spongy bone with blood, also produces blood cells
Red bone marrow
Tendon vs ligament
Tendon: strong connective tissue band that achors muscle to bone
Ligament: strong, connective tissue band joining bone to bone
The large hole in the occipital bone (foremen magnum) allows the brain to extend down to become the ___ ____ and can be deadly because swelling on it can exert pressure on brain steam» respiratory arrest (death)
Spinal cord
True or false: vertebral column has C1-C7 (cervical) t1-t12 (thoracic) and L1-L5 (lumbar). Its functions as support structure of head, attachment to pelvic girdle, protects spine, & provides flexibility.
True
What are cardiac muscle characteristics?
Only found in heart, pumps blood throughout body, cells are long branching, junctions: intercalated discs send electrical signals, are striated & involuntary, don’t regenerate