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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Cardio Flashcards (RANDOM) > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards (RANDOM)

1
Q

Stenosis

A

•Narrowing of a valve causing issues with opening
•forward blood flow hindered
•increased cardiac workload
•decreased cardiac output
•increased pressure in affected chamber(s)

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2
Q

regurgitation

A
  • insufficient valve closure, resulting in blood flow back up
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3
Q

prolapse

A
  • abnormality in valve’s closure
  • 1 or more flaps fails to close
  • During ventricular systole, mitral valve flaps normally remain closed..If bulging flaps do not fit together (Flap too large or defective ), mitral regurgitation occurs
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4
Q

Common S/S of valve disorders

A

fatigue, murmur, malaise, angina, and possible palpitations

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

an increased cardiac workload and increased chamber pressure is evident in all valve issues

A

true

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6
Q

common valve issue complications

A

heart failure, emboli, stroke r/t emboli, arrythmias

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7
Q

a PT with a prior strep A case are likely to get what as a result?

A

rheumatic fever

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8
Q

likely risk factors of valve disease/damage

A

rheumatic fever

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9
Q

which of the following are risk factors of mitral valve prolapse?
1. size
2. heredity
3. age
4. gender

A

2.,4.: women are 2x more likely to be diagnosed

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10
Q

backward blood flow into the LV with a risk of ischemia is a sign of

A

mitral valve prolapse

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11
Q

murmur (aka swoosh) from MVP can be heard on

A

2D echocardiogram with doppler

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12
Q

TEE test can be used to diagnose

A

mitral reguritation, MVP, aortic regurgitation

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13
Q

MVP can turn into

A

mitral regurgitation

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14
Q

for many valve disorders, PTs can generally be:

A

asymptomatic

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15
Q

with mitral stenosis, backwards pressure causes ____ ____ to dilate, causing failure

A

right ventricle

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16
Q

A nurse may educate a PT on prophylactics if they have

A

mitral regurgitation…prophylactics inhibit vegetation valve growth

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17
Q

Aortic and mitral stenosis dysrhythmias can cause right sided stroke by

A

causing an emboli to form which may travel to the brain

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18
Q

lying supine may cause a forced heartbeat in a pt with:
1. mitral reguritation
2. aortic reguritation

A

2.

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19
Q

valve narrowing resulting in LV forcefully contracting

A

aortic stenosis

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

valve replacement is sometimes the only resoluton in PT with aotric stenosis

A

True

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21
Q

atrial fribillation can be seen on a

A

P wave

A Fib can also enlarge the atrium

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

transthoracic 2D doppler ECG and doppler U.S. are the most common diagnostic tests

A

TRUE

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23
Q

blood backflow from L ventricle back to L atrium

A

mitral regurgitation

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24
Q

PT’s INR should be what prior to administering warfarin?

A

2.5-3.5

25
Q

A PT on lifelong anticoagulants most likely had

  1. Catheter test
  2. Biological HVR
  3. Mechanical HVR
A

3.

26
Q

Heart valve repairs

A

•Stenosis valve repair: balloon valvotomy …commissirotomy >valves adhere causing opening issue
•insufficient valve repair: annuloplasty…annulus reconstruction

27
Q

Heart valve replacements

A

•mechanical: durable, creates turbulent flow …high thrombus risk=anticoagulants forever
•biological: i.e. pig, bovine…needs to be replaced more because it’s organic

28
Q

Valve replacement complications

A

•biological valves : degenerative changes, calcification
•mechanical: bleeding risk=INR/PT watch, thrombus forming, hemolysis=anemia, valvular microorganisms=infective EC

29
Q

Cardiac surgery pre-op

A

•assessment: CCSM, pain control, test, blood crossmatch
•acute/chronic pain
•anxiety
•deficient knowledge
•teaching: manage pain, endo tube/vent, communicating, chest tubes, deep breaths, IVs, catheters
•NPO
•antiseptic scrub showers
•Pre-OP meds

30
Q

Post-OP cardiac surgery nursing care

A

•pain, check airway, impaired gas, decreased C.O., V.S., hear lungs, incision, lung expansion (R/P, cough), prevent infection, risk for infection, I/O

31
Q

Valvular disorder meds

A

•diuretics: loop, thiazides ..watch K intake
•ACE inhibitors (-PRILs)
•Ca Channel Blocker (-PINEs)..Ca builds up causing deposits
•beta blockers: (-LOLs)

32
Q

Evaluating treatment of valvular disorders

A

•PT has good pain relief
•V.S. normal …no H.F. Signs
•fatigue reduced
•no edema, wt. maintenance, good lungs
•PT understands teaching ..no recurring S/S

33
Q

mitral stenosis

A

blood flows obstructed from LA and LV etc

34
Q

LV hypertrophies from

A

aortic stenosis

35
Q

LV failure leads to

A

increased workload

36
Q

during exertional activity, PTs with valve issues should have

A

frequent breaks

37
Q

afterload

A

resistance the LV must overcome to circulate blood; increased afterload=increased workload

38
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

help blood pump easier

39
Q

vegetation from IE is potentially dangerous because

A

it could break off and cause an emboli; we get damaged valves the more vegetation is present

40
Q

those at highest risk of IE are

A

MVP, rheumatic HD, Valve replacements

41
Q

S/S and Complications of IE

A

S/S: fever, murmur, splinter hemorrhage, petechiae, Janeway lesions, Olser’s nodes

complications: vge. emboli, heart valve stenosis, heart failure

42
Q

diagnostics, therapy and management of IE

A
  • Diagnostics: Blood culture-pathogens, ECHO–sees endocarditis
  • therapy: IV antimicrobial, valve repair/replacement, rest
  • managament: V.S AND CARDIAC FUNCTION!!, teach oral hygiene importance
43
Q

pericarditis

A

acute or chronic; pericardium inflammation with reduced ventricular filling

44
Q

pericarditis causes and diagnostics

A
  • causes: rheumatic disorder, post-MI, med reaction, renal disease, uremia, Dressler’s, trauma
  • diagnostics: EKG, ECHO (effusion), CT (thickening), MRI, CBC (elevated), c-reactive (increased..inflammation)
45
Q

1

pericarditis S/S, complications and management

A
  • S/S: angina, dyspnea, friction rub
  • complications: effusion>lung pressure, cardiac tamponade–major issue, can be from non-penetrating trauma, Becks triad (low BP, JVD, muffled heart sounds)
  • management: VS/CARDIAC FUNCTION!!!, tamponade signs,
46
Q

myocarditis

A
  • rare
  • from a virus (should take C&S)
  • Damage depends on damage to heart
47
Q

myocarditis S/S and complications

A
  • S/S: none-severe, angina tachycardia, malaise, fever, fatigue
  • complications: cardiomyopathy, HF
48
Q

Myocarditis Interventions, Dignostics, and Nursing Care

A
  • diagnostics: ECHO, Xray, MRI, ECG
  • INTERVENTIONS: reduce cardiac workload(NASIDs), O2, TREAT CAUSE(antimicorbial), Treat HF (ACE inhibitors, inoptropic meds)
  • Nursing Care: MAINTAIN CARDIAC FUNCTION/V.S., conserve energy, diversions, education
49
Q

Nonpenetrating vs penetrating Cardiac Trauma

A

NP: blunt trauma, can cause cardiac tamponade
P: external chest injury, can cause tamponade, hemo/pnuemothorax

50
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A
  • enlarged heart muscle>ineffective pumping>HF
  • 3 types: dilated, hypertrophic, restricitive— ALL 3 CAN CAUSE HF, ISCHEMIA, OR MI
51
Q

Dilated

A
  • ventricular enlarges, walls thin so heart weakens
  • contricility decreases
  • most common form
  • stasis
  • commonly caused by CAD post-MI
52
Q

Hypotrophic

A
  • ventricle muscle walls enlarge/thicken; doesnt relax like normal
  • decreased ventricular filling
  • MITRAL VALVE CAN BE AFFECTED
  • overall: left vetricle thickened>harder for heart to pump
53
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy

A
  • cardiac muscle stiffens
  • ventricular stretch impaired
  • limited ventricular filling
    rarest form
54
Q

cardiomyopathy interventions

A
  • hypertrophic: beta blockers..decrease contraction, Ca channel blockers..PINEs allow for more filling time, hydration, myectomy, septal ablation (non surgery PTs)
  • restrictive: anticoagulants
  • dilated: ICD, ACE inhibitors, diuretics
55
Q

Cardiomyopathy S/S, diagnostics, and Interventions

A
  • S/S: H.F. for all, dyspnea and fatigue (dialated), angina & dyspena (hypertrophic), syncope/dyspnea & arrythmias (restrictive)
  • 3 types: dilated/congestive, Hypertrophic, Restrictive
  • Chest X-Ray: (cardiomegaly) Echocardiography (See thickening
    ECG, Shows arrhythmias) Cardiac catheterization with biopsy, Blood test:, BNP increased shows heart failure
  • ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, digoxin, Biventricular pacing, Implantable defibrillators
56
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A
  • Results from permanent damage to valves by rheumatic fever
  • Autoimmune reaction to upper respiratory infection
  • Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
  • all heart layers inflamed
  • mitral valve most affected, vegetations
57
Q

A pt with a digoxin level of 7 can be expected to complain of “blueish greenish” vision as a result of ____

A

Digoxin toxicity, 0.5-2 is normal lvl

58
Q

Thrombophlebitis Pathophysiology and definition

A
  • Clot formation followed by: Inflammation within vein
  • patho: Clot formation and inflammation within vein
    Superficial veins, Deep veins (DVT), Emboli danger, Especially if PE forms
59
Q

Coumadin may be with held if a PTs INR is

  1. 1.2
  2. 3.7
  3. 4.2
A
  1. A PTs INR should be ~2.5-3.5 seconds…anything above 5 is a hemorrhage sign, anything below 2 is a thrombus sign

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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