LYMPH SYSTEM Flashcards
What are the Lymphatic System functions?
Protecting the body from infection, draining tissue fluid (lymph) back into blood, abosorbing fat and fat-souluble vitamins
What is interstitial fluid?
Fluid found outside the body’s cells made of water, electrolytes, metabolic waste and some protein
How does interstitial fluid relate to lymph?
Lymph is mainly made from interstitial fluid
What are groups of lymph?
Lymph nodes, found along pathways of lymph vessels
How does lymph enter and exit a node?
It enters through several afferent lymph vessels and exits through one or two efferent vessels
Where can some lymph clusters be found?
Shoulders (cervical), Upper extremities (axillary), breasts, groin, external genitalia
where is the spleen located?
It can be found in the upper left quad below the diaphragm
What is the spleen’s function?
filters and cleanses blood, stores blood in case of loss, contains plasma cells that make antibodies, and stores platelets/destroys unuseful RBCs
spleen helps prevent infection but is not a vital organ
White spleen pulp vs red spleen pulp
white: lymphoid tissue with lymphocytes surrounded by arteries
red: venous sinuses–blood, lymphocytes, microphages …. Both are found in spleen
Where are the 3 tonsils’ locations?
palatine: opening of oral cavity to pharynx
pharyngeal(adenoids): near nasal cavity opening (upper pharynx)
lingual : back of tongue
What are tonsils considered in the lymph system?
lymphatic nodules
Palatine tonsils are often the target of what? Removal of adenoids is called?
Tonsillectomy; adenoidectomy
What are tonsils?
Partially encapsuled lymph nodules found in the throat..they act as filters
What is lymph’s path of drainage?
Lymph from R side of head, R arm, and thorax drain into R lymph duct»R subclavian vein..Remaining lymph drains to thoracic duct»L subclavian vein
Where is lymph fluid drained from?
tissue space
what forces plasma & dissolved nutrients out of capillaries and into tissue fluid?
tissue fluid pressure and filtration
what does capillary filtration maintain?
blood volume
the amount of tissue fluid formed is ___ than the amt returned to capillaries
greater
diaphragm is innervated by ___ nerve; intercostal muscles are innervated by ____ nerves
phrenic; intercostal
respiratory muscles are skeletal muscles meaning:
inhalation: active process, exhalation: passive process
what factors contribute to a breathing rate?
emotions (voluntary) and chemoreceptors (involuntary)
how do surfactants interfere with surface tension?
by decreasing tension to help alveoli stay open..also sighing
what do alveolar cells secrete?
surfactants
what is the parietal pluera?
outer serous membrane
what does visceral pleura line?
outside of lungs
where is the intrapleural space located?
between parietal and visceral pleura
what is the medullary responsible for?
inspiratory and expiratory neurons
breathing patterns, pneumotaxic center, and apneustic center are part of the:
Pons of the brain
why is negative intrapleural pressure important?
it allows the lungs to expand and overcomes elastic recoil/surface tension
Loss of negative pressure can cause ___ so if pressure is restored, lung will expand
lung collapse
where is the c-lined cartilage found?
trachea, bronchi, & larynx
what is c-lined cartilage’s purpose?
Keeps trachea/airway open..without it, trachea will collapse, causing a BIG problem with air coming in
what are some key points about alveoli (alveolus: singular)?
a pulmonary capillary surrounds each alveolus, O2 moves from alveoli into pulmonart capillaries, & CO2 moves from pulmonary capillaries into alveoli
what is the transport mechanism of alveoli?
Diffusion
what does tidal volume refer to?
normal, quiet breathing; the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle (proper ventilation)
the amount of O2 is expressed as _____ ____?
partial pressure
almost all O2 is transported as?
oxyhemoglobin
what is Boyle’s law on inhalation?
Respiratory muscles contract to increase thoracic volume, so as volume increases, intrathoracic pressure (P2) decreases
what is Boyle’s law on exhalation?
Respiratory muscles relax to decrease thoracic volume, so as volume decreases, intrathoracic pressure (P2) increases
what is surface tension?
electrical attraction between polar water molecules is the surface tension
water having high surface tension may cause ___ ____ due to force of water molecules
lung collapse
what is the trachea and its function?
Extends from larynx into thoracic cavity & Conducts air to right & left bronchus
what do bronchioles do and what determines their diameter?
bronchodilation/bronchoconstriction, regulates air flow to the alveoli…smooth muscle
what is bronchis’ function?
Conduct air to bronchioles
what is found in the left & right bronchi?
Cartilaginous rings & Carina
difficult/labored breathing is called:
dyspnea
right lung has ____ lobes & left lung has ___ lobes
right has 3: superior, middle, inferior; left has 2: superior, inferior
what are chemoreceptors?
chemical breathing controllers found in the medulla (CNS) and carotid/aortic (PNS)
Where is the oropharynx and its function?
posterior to oral cavity, air & food passage
where is the laryngopharynx and its function?
posterior to the larynx, air and food passage
Epiglottis prevents:
prevents food from entering lower respiratory structures
what is the ventilation cycle?
Respiratory cycle = one inhalation + one exhalation
What do tonsils do?
Filter and protect from whatever comes through
