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pre-ap biology > Semester 1 Final > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many experimental values should be in an experiment to ensure accurate results?

A

One

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2
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of internal balance

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3
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

Educated guess about the probable result of an experiment

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4
Q

What is a law

A

Something know to be true or fact

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5
Q

What is a theory

A

Well-tested explanation

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6
Q

What is the hierarchy of organization

A

atoms-molecules-organelles-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organisms-populations-communities-ecosystems-biome-biosphere

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7
Q

Where does all of earth’s energy originate?

A

Sun

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8
Q

Another word for autotrophs

A

Producers

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9
Q

Another word for heterotrophs

A

Consumers

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10
Q

What is a food chain

A

Linear representation of how food made and consumed in nature

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11
Q

What is a food web

A

Representation of interconnected food chains

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12
Q

What is a population

A

Group of organisms of the same species living in an area

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13
Q

What is a community?

A

A group of populations living in the same area?

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14
Q

What is a biotic factor?

A

Living part of environment

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15
Q

What is an abiotic factor?

A

Nonliving part of environment

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16
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A

Two organisms live in close association w/ one another

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17
Q

Mutualistic relationship?

A

Both organisms benefit

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18
Q

Parasitic relationship?

A

One organism benefits and other is harmed?

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19
Q

Commensalistic relationship?

A

One organism benefits, other not affected

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20
Q

A ________ hunts ________ for food

A

Predator, prey

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21
Q

Density-independent limiting factor?

A

Affects all populations no matter the size

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22
Q

Density dependent limiting factor

A

Depends on size of population

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23
Q

Nitrogen fixation?

A

Process of converting nitrogen gas into a usable form in the soil. Usually done by bacteria

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24
Q

Four terms to describe water cycle

A

Evaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation

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25
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

Largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support

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26
Q

J-shaped curve?

A

Population grows exponentially

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27
Q

S-shaped curve?

A

Population experiences logistic growth

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28
Q

Where is carbon always present?

A

Organic compounds

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29
Q

What do carb.s store?

A

Energy

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30
Q

Amino acids are the ______ of proteins?

A

Monomer

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31
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small molecule that makes up a large molecule called the polymer

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32
Q

What typed of macromolecule is cellulose?

A

Carb.

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33
Q

What type of transport from high to low concentration

A

Diffusion

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34
Q

What type of transport takes molecule from low to high concentration

A

Active transport

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35
Q

What type of bond links amino acids?

A

Peptide

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36
Q

What is called when cells wrap around bacteria and engulf them?

A

Phagocytosis or endocytosis

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37
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

When a cell packages waste or a protein into a vacuole and them release it in a manner that is opposite of endocytosis

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38
Q

Function of nucleus acid?

A

Store info. in form of a code

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39
Q

What does an endergonic reaction do?

A

Take in energy

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40
Q

What does an exergonic reaction do?

A

Release energy

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41
Q

Activation energy?

A

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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42
Q

What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?

A

Protein

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43
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Water bonds with other water molecules

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44
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Water bonds with molecules other than water

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45
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

“Drinking” water is taken into cell. Type of endocytosis

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46
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

“Eating” solids being taken into cell. Type of endocytosis

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47
Q

Point of saturation?

A

An enzyme reaction levels off

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48
Q

Where on pH scale are acids?

A

0-6

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49
Q

What is neutral on pH scale?

A

7

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50
Q

What is a base on pH scale?

A

8-14

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51
Q

Where is DNA housed?

A

Nucleus

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52
Q

What organelle is the “power house” of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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53
Q

What cell structures are in plant cells, but not animal?

A

Cell wall and chloroplasts

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54
Q

What part of the cell is selectively permeable?

A

Cell-membrane

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55
Q

Function of lysosomes?

A

Digests waste/bacteria, “garbage disposal”

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56
Q

Function of Golgi body

A

Packages proteins

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57
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Saclike structure in plants, smaller and more numerous in animals. Stores liquids/waste/foods

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58
Q

Function of ER

A

Produces proteins

59
Q

Three parts to cell theory:

A

1) all living things are made up of cells
2) the cell is the smallest unit of organization
3) all cells come from preexisting cells

60
Q

Steps in order of mitosis

A

Interphase-prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase-cytokinesis

61
Q

End result of mitosis?

A

Two identical cells

62
Q

What does interphase include?

A

G1, S (synthesis), and G2

63
Q

What happens in interphase

A

Cell grows and gets ready for division/replication

64
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Chromatin coil into chromosomes- two halves (sister chromatid). Nucleus and nuclear envelope disintegrate. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles, spindle forms between them

65
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Chromosomes attach to spindles at centromere. Chromosomes pulled by spindles, line up on equator

66
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Separation of sister chromatids begins. Spindle fibers shorten. Centromeres split. Sister chromatids pulled toward opposite centrioles

67
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Chromatids reach opposite centrioles. Changes occurred in prophase reversed.

68
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

Ends telophase. Division of cytoplasm.
Animal cells- plasma membrane pinches along equator
Plant cells- cell plate forms, new membrane and cell wall form on each side of plate

69
Q

Characteristics only in animal cells

A
  • centrioles

- many small food vacuoles

70
Q

Characteristics only in plant cells

A
  • cell wall
  • plastid
  • chloroplast
  • one central vacuole
71
Q

Similarities between plant and animal cells

A
  • eukaryotes

- all organelles not listed in differences of a cell

72
Q

Levels of a food chain in order

A

Primary producers-primary consumers-secondary consumers-tertiary consumers-quaternary consumers

73
Q

Double bond between two carbons. Saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

74
Q

All single bonds between carbons. Saturated or unsaturated

A

Saturated

75
Q

Biology?

A

Scientific study of life

76
Q

Seven properties/characteristics of life?

A

Order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to environment, evolutionary adaptation

77
Q

If viewing a specimen through a microscope how much times the objective lens setting is the specimen magnified?

A

10x

78
Q

Observations can be made ______ or ______

A

Directly, indirectly

79
Q

Isotonic

A

h2o goes in and out, same size

80
Q

Hypertonic

A

H2o leaves but doesn’t enter, shrinks

81
Q

Hypotonic

A

H2o enter, but doesn’t leave, swells or explodes

82
Q

Function of eyepiece

A

Magnifies 10x

83
Q

Function of revolving nose piece

A

Holds & turns objectives into viewing position

84
Q

Function of objectives

A

Lenses w/ varying power to increase or decrease magnification

85
Q

Function of stage

A

Supports glass slide

86
Q

Function of glass slide

A

Mounts specimen

87
Q

Function of coverslip

A

Holds specimen in place

88
Q

Function of light source

A

Reflect light upward through diaphragm, specimen, and lenses

89
Q

Function of diaphragm

A

Regulates amount of light

90
Q

Function of base

A

Supports microscope

91
Q

Function of fine adjustment

A

Sharpens image

92
Q

Function of corse adjustment

A

1) raise/lower stage

2) focus on low power

93
Q

Function of stage clips

A

Holds slide in place

94
Q

Function of arm

A

Used to carry microscope

95
Q

Function of body tube

A

Connect eyepiece to objectives

96
Q

Interspecific interactions?

A

Relationships w/ individuals of other species in the community

97
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Two species compete for same limited resource

98
Q

Ecological niche

A

Sum of its use of biotic and abiotic resources in environment

99
Q

Decomposers?

A

Break things down

100
Q

Ecological succession?

A

A variety of species gradually being replaced by other species

101
Q

Primary succession?

A

When ecological succession begins in lifeless area w/ no soil

102
Q

Secondary succession?

A

Disturbance has cleared away community, but soil left intact

103
Q

Inductive vs. deductive reasoning:

A

Inductive: use evidence to reach a conclusion
Deductive: use observations to reach conclusion

104
Q

What is data

A

Individual facts/statistics of info.

105
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

The one element not changed throughout experiment

106
Q

Null vs. directional

A

Null: predicts there will be no difference between experimental and control group
Directional: predicts there will be a difference between control and experimental group

107
Q

What are the biomes?

A

Tropical rainforest, Savannas, deserts, temperate grasslands, deciduous forests, coniferous forest, tundra

108
Q

How much energy is lost after something moves down the food chain?

A

90%

109
Q

What are the cycles?

A

Water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus

110
Q

Describe carbon cycle

A

Decayed organisms return carbon to soil; animals eat plants which contain carbon; animal respiration and auto and factory emissions return it to atmosphere; plant respiration takes carbon out of atmosphere

111
Q

Describe nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, animal waste and dead animals and plants return nitrogen to soil; ammonium and nitrates in soil go through plant proteins/denitrifying bacteria to return nitrogen to air

112
Q

Describe phosphorus cycle

A

Detritus is decomposed, phosphates in rock and phosphates in solution return phosphates to soil; uplifting of rock, and phosphates in organic compounds return phosphorus to atmosphere

113
Q

3 categories of interactions

A
  • predation
  • herbivory
  • parasites/pathogens
114
Q

What is coevolution

A

Series of reciprocal evolutionary adaptations in two species

115
Q

Osmosis?

A

Movement of water throughout a cell

116
Q

What is diffusion

A

Moving water from high to low concentration

117
Q

Facilitated diffusion?

A

When protein molecules help with diffusion

118
Q

Polarity?

A

Hydrophilic

119
Q

Non polar

A

Hydrophobic

120
Q

Three types of compounds w/ same formula, different structural arrangements:

A

Structural- differ in covalent bond arrangement
Geometric- differ in arrangement around double bonds
Enantiomers- mirror images of one another

121
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Gives sturdy support/protection

122
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

Regulate what goes in and comes out

123
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Stores DNA, manages cell functions

124
Q

Function of nuclear envelope

A

Pores to allow passage of RNA and ribosomes

125
Q

Function of chromosomes

A

DNA found in nucleus

126
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Inside nucleus, makes ribosomes

127
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Makes proteins

128
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Converts food energy to cellular energy (ATP)

129
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis

130
Q

Function of plastids

A

Stores pigments and starch

131
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Centrioles used for division in animal cells

132
Q

Cilia and flagella

A

Movement sensory, absorption

133
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material inside cell not including cell membrane

134
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Has proteins such as keratin to increase cell rigidity

135
Q

Gap/communicating junctions

A

Allows cells to share water/nutrients. Allows for communication

136
Q

Tight junctions

A

Don’t let material through

137
Q

Chromatid

A

Formed from chromatin when DNA condenses into smaller structure

138
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA coiled around protein

139
Q

Examples of monosaccharide

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

140
Q

Ex. Of disaccharides

A

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

141
Q

Ex. Of polysaccharides

A

Chitin, glycogen, starch, cellulose

142
Q

Carbohydrates: monomer and function?

A

Monosaccharide and provide energy

143
Q

Lipids: two molecules (monomers)

A

Glycerol and fattyacid

144
Q

Proteins: monomer

A

Amino acid

pre-ap biology (5 decks)

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