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pre-ap biology > evolution test > Flashcards

evolution test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a fossil

A

preserved remains of ancient organisms that provide evidence for how life has changed over time.

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2
Q

who proposed that the selective use/disuse of an organ led to a change in the organ, and was passed to the offspring?

A

Jean-baptiste Lamarck

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3
Q

who was Alfred Wallace?

A

published his own theory of evolution by natural selection around the same time as Darwin

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4
Q

what is fitness?

A

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

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5
Q

what is natural selection? what is another name for it?

A

process where individuals are better suited to their environment, so they survive and reproduce more successfully; survival of the fittest.

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6
Q

what is a homologous structure?

A

structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

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7
Q

what are vestigial organs?

A

homologous structures that are so reduced in size that they no longer function. ex: human appendix

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8
Q

what is evolution?

A

the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

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9
Q

what is artificial selection?

A

a human choosing the strongest, fastest, or best of the animals to breed.

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10
Q

what is descent with modification?

A

the idea that each living species has descended with changes over time from other species

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11
Q

what did Darwin observe that contributed to theory of evolution?

A

finches and turtles

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12
Q

what is inheritance of acquired traits?

A

a giraffe stretching its neck longer and longer, and the trait is passed to the offspring

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13
Q

convergent evolution?

A

unrelated species begin to look similar to one another

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14
Q

what is divergent evolution?

A

enough differences accumulate to create a new species

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15
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

the name of the changes that lead to divergent evolution

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16
Q

what are analogous structures?

A

structures with the same function but evolved separately in different species

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17
Q

what is darwin’s publication of his theory of evolution called?

A

on the origin of species

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18
Q

what was the ship where Darwin traveled to the Galapagos called?

A

H.M.S. Beagle

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19
Q

what did darwin study in addition to to living organisms?

A

fossils

20
Q

what did Darwin observe about plants and animals on the islands ?

A

their characteristics varied from island to island

21
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

22
Q

what is struggle for existence?

A

competition for food, space and other resources within a species

23
Q

what is the most accurate way to determine the age of a fossil?

A

radiometric dating

24
Q

what kind of fossil is easily identifiable?

A

index fossils

25
Q

what is the hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

frequency of each allele in the gene pool remains constant

26
Q

what are the 5 conditions to make hardy-Weinberg possible?

A

1) very large population
2) no gene flow between populations
3) no mutations
4) random mating
5) no natural selection

27
Q

what does a bell shaped curve represent?

A

stabilizing selection

28
Q

what does a mountain shaped curve represent?

A

directional selection

29
Q

what does a double camel hump shaped graph represent?

A

disruptive selection

30
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

science of naming and classifying organisms

31
Q

what does a useful classification system do?

A

gives each organism a unique name

32
Q

what is a cladogram?

A

a diagram which shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

33
Q

name the 7 taxonomic levels greatest to least:

A

kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

34
Q

what is a taxon?

A

group or level of organization in which organisms are classified

35
Q

what is a binomial nomenclature?

A

classification system in which each species is assigned a two part scientific name

36
Q

domain of all organisms that have nuclei?

A

eukarya

37
Q

what are archaebacteria?

A

kingdom of ancient unicellular prokaryotes found in extreme environments

38
Q

what are eubacteria?

A

kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes that can cause disease

39
Q

what are Protista

A

kingdom of composed eukaryotes that are not classified as animals, plants, or fungi

40
Q

what are fungi?

A

kingdom of heterotrophs including mushrooms, toadstools, and yeast that obtain energy nutrients from dead matter

41
Q

what is plantae?

A

multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs

42
Q

what is the taxon larger than a kingdom?

A

domain

43
Q

what is the first part of a scientific name called? (always capitalized)

A

genus

44
Q

what is a dichotomous key?

A

series of paired statements that describe characteristics of different organisms that can be used to classify different organisms

45
Q

what are the three domains?

A

archaea, bacteria, and eukarya

46
Q

what are the 6 kingdoms?

A

archaebacteria, Protista, plantae, eubacteria, fungi, and animalia

47
Q

difference between stabilizing, disruptive and directional selection

A

stabilizing- average phenotype favored
directional- change in environment shifts spectrum of phenotype a
disruptive- two or more extreme phenotype a have advantages

pre-ap biology (5 decks)

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