Semester 1 Flashcards
To study for exams
Describe the cycle of scientific enterprise
Start with a theory. Good theories enable new predictions. So then we form a hypothesis. Then we do experiments. Then we get new facts. If the new facts are consistent with the theory, then we take the new facts and add it to the theory.
Explain the difference between truth and fact
Truth is not in science because it never changes and it has to be revealed. God is truth. Fact is based upon new data and is always changing. Science is fact.
Define science
Science is the use of observation, experimentation, and logical thinking to develop mental models of the natural world. These models are called theories
What are the two main qualities that a good theory must possess.
- Explain most of the facts
2. Enable a new hypothesis to be formed
When an experiment does not confirm the hypothesis, are the results still valuable?
Yes, because you can use the new facts to alter the theory, then start the cycle over again
What are the ten levels or organization of biological hierarchy according to your text?
1.Biosphere 2.Ecosystem 3.Community 4.Population 5.Organism 6.Organs and organ system 7,Tissue 8.Cells 9.Organelles 10.Molecules
What are the seven characteristics of life?
1.Order 2.Evolutionary Adaption 3.Regulation 4.Energy Processing 5.Reproduction 6.Growth and Development 7.Response to the environment
In Darwin’s book The Origin of Species what were the two main points?
- Species showed evidence of decent through modification of common ancestors
- Natural selection is the mechanism behind descent with modification.
Aristotle
first arranged life forms on a ladder of increasing complexity (scala natural)
Linnaeus
founded taxonomy and developed the binomial format for naming species
Cuvier
developed a large part of paleontology and advocated catastrophism
Hutton
proposed that the earth’s changes were do to gradual mechanisms
Lyell
made uniformitarianism
Lamark
proposed that species evolved through use and disuse and inheritance of aquired characteristics.
Wallace
discovered Natural selection also, but decided to let Darwin take the credit
Darwin
came up with natural selection and got the credit for it
What is natural selection?
Certian species have certain traits and the ones that have traits more fit to the environment reproduce more and outlive the others who are unfit
Catastrophism
events in the past occured suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present
Taxonomy
The branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms
Paleontology
the study of fossils
Uniformitarianism
mechanisms of change are constant over time
Explain how the rapid evolution of drug-resistance in bacteria is an example of natural selection
The part of the bacteria that is resistant to the drug does not die. That part keeps growing and reproducing and the other parts keep dying until the entire bacteria is resistant to that particular drug
What are the four properties of water?
1.Cohesive Behavior (it sticks to itself, like water in a pouring glass 2.Ability to Moderate temperature (why the ocean doesn’t dry up or why a pool doesnt get hot in the summer) 3. Expantion upon freezing (why ice floats) 4. Versatility as a solvent (why it can clean up messes)
How does morphine relieve pain?
It acts as other molecules in the body
What are the structure and function of Carbohydrates?
Polymers of Sugar.
Where do plants store there suger?
as starch in placids
Where do animals store there sugar?
as glycogen in our liver and muscle cells
What is Chitin?
A structural polysacharide, makes up the exosckeleton of certain insects. What fungi cell walls are made of
What is cellulose?
A polysacharide, a major part of plant cell walls
What is the structure and function of fat?
stores energy, cushions vital organs, insulation, glycerol+3 fatty acids
What is saturated fat?
there is no bond in any of the molecules and is solid at room temperature
What is unsaturated fat?
Has double bonds, and is liquid at room temperature
What are phospholipids?
What makes up cell membranes, 2 fatty acids+glycerol+phosphate,
What are steroids?
hormones+cholesterol, made in the liver, in your cell membranes, have 4 fused rings with functional groups coming off
What is the first level of protien structure?
Primary structure, just a sequence of amino acids
What is the second level of protien structure?
Secondary structure, where the protein starts to fold or coil, caused by a hydrogen bond
What is the third level of protein structure?
Tertiary structure, where the R groups start interacting and create fold
What is the forth level of protein structure?
Quaternary Structure, more than one polypeptide
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, have no DNA, and consist of archaea and bacteria
Eukaryotic cells have nucleus and are made of eukaria
Describe the three types of intercellular junctions/
Gap Junctions- channels where cells communicate information to each other
Tight Junctions- where plazma membranes are tightly pressed together, water tight, prevent leakage from one cell to the other
Desmosomes- like bolts, held very tightly together, and are found in cells that endure stress i.e. muscle cells
what is the extracellular matrix
only found in animal cells, connects cells, made of glycoproteins, connected to the cell by fibronection
What is passive transport
Requires no energy because it uses diffusion
diffusion
moving spreading things out and around from high to low concentration until equilibriun
osmosis
the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
facilitated diffusion
is diffusion that is helped along by a channel protein
What is the purpose of active transport in the cell membrane? how does ATP power this process?
Requires energy (ATP) and is the opposite of diffusion because it goes from low to high and requires a carrier protein
What is a Na+/K+ pump
when inside the cell has low Na and high K and the pump pushes Na out
exocytosis
when the vesicles merge with one cell membrane and whatever was inside it leaves
phagocytosis
cellular eating, psudopods make a vesicle around the food, goes to the lysosomes
Pinocytosis
cellular drinking, folds in on itself
receptor-mediated endosytosis
cllular drinking of only certain things
hypertonic
water only going out
isotonic
water going in and out equally
hypotonic
water only going into the cell
Why do we eat?
to get glucose and to get energy
why do we breathe?
for CO2
